Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A study hall that incorporates understudies determined to have ADHD needs to incorporate viable mediation systems. As indicated by the American Psychiatric Association, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is portrayed by unavoidable and formatively unseemly troubles with consideration, impulsivity, and hyper action. These understudies as often as possible experience issues adhering to study hall controls and can show hostility, they are additionally bound to be dismissed socially and have more trouble coexisting with different understudies. School-based administrations are generally required just as arrangement in a custom curriculum class. The execution of conduct methodologies joined with the utilization of psychotropic meds can help accomplish a positive result and a more prominent possibility of achievement. Youngsters with ADHD have various practices that can keep them from learning and those practices can go from being somewhat troublesome to nearly making it inconceivable for scholastic and social achievement. An assortment of social techniques can be actualized to suit every youngster's needs. These techniques ought to incorporate some unmistakable, straightforward desires or decides that blueprint anticipated practices for all understudies. These principles ought to be posted and explored much of the time just as perceived and commended when they are being followed. At the point when all understudies comprehend the desires, they have an objective they can progress in the direction of. For certain understudies having extra prompts can assist them with maintaining restraint and accomplish these objectives. Scholastic assignments can appear to be overpowering for certain understudies and there are a few different ways to enable these understudies to finish their school work. One viable system is altering the size of an undertaking, breaking it into littler assignments can assist them with making progress. Step by step expanding the degree of trouble, and the time spent dealing with a scholastic action may enable a few understudies to learn self guideline. At the point when they can finish an undertaking they ought to be lauded or compensated. I presently work in a study hall where there are adjustments made for a few understudies relying upon the subject being instructed. One understudy becomes overpowered by math exercises and feels vanquished before he even starts. His conduct mirrors this when he gets troublesome and won't attempt. A few methodologies have been actualized to support him and are as of now being utilized with progress. Introducing the work in littler assignments has helped him feel less overpowered. First I ensure he comprehends the undertaking and what the all out task is, at that point it is broken into areas for him to browse. By picking the segment he feels generally good in the first place advances an inspirational disposition toward the general errand. Joining this with encouraging feedback and commendation for keeping focused and not disturbing others has been effective and this present understudy's normal evaluation has expanded by 10% since the start of the school year. Support based procedures like a prize framework can be an extremely accommodating device in general class system. The ideal conduct and desires should be plot just as what the prize will be. These desires should be individual and reasonable so the understudy can see improvement toward the objective. This system can be effective when utilized normally and finished. This is a methodology that I right now work with and it brings positive outcomes. I work in a seventh grade ASD study hall where there are clear homeroom objectives just as individual objectives. The understudies procure â€Å"checks† for momentary prizes like 15 minutes of IPad use or craftsmanship time just as a bigger objective of â€Å"Friday Fun† which is a free time of social cooperation with cohorts where they can pick a game or movement to play for a whole period. The objectives are individualized and can be expanded as the understudy's capacity develops. Having a drawn out objective additionally gives an understudy space to alter their conduct and compensate for times when conduct should have been remedied. Only one out of every odd understudy procures this prize constantly, yet the educator enables the understudies to comprehend where they need improvement and how together they can function to accomplish their objective for the following week. The two articles talk about the significance of the association between guardians, educators, and advisors. All gatherings ought to have a decent comprehension of the systems utilized at home and in school. These techniques are the best when they are finished by all. Open correspondence is significant and takes into consideration a simpler change from school to home and home to class. For two understudies in my study hall we send home a â€Å"Have a Good Day Chart† which gives guardians a gander at their kid's general practices just as their advancement for the duration of the day. This encourages us to perceive what time of day might be all the more testing or if a specific subject causes undesirable practices. On the off chance that the understudy is taking drugs it can follow the hour of day practices are happening and can help when guardians talk with their kid's primary care physician. Mediation administrations are fundamental to helping an understudy succeed. These suppliers assess from an alternate point of view and can offer extra procedures for guardians and instructors The best approach to accomplish the best result is for all parental figures to build up an arrangement that incorporates systems that are both proactive and responsive. Empowering the attractive practices and tending to bothersome activities help to show self guideline. Following and recording information show development and upgrades. This assists everybody with recognizing the systems that work and where changes are required as the youngster develops. These systems ought to be investigated and talked about by everybody executing them. This is particularly significant for youngsters in center school or secondary school where there are numerous educators working with the understudies every day. Predictable and clear rules can assist understudies with ADHD be effective and arrive at their maximum capacity. Consideration Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Wolraich and Baumgaertel in â€Å"The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Based on the New DSM-IV Criteria† (1996) see that ADHD is â€Å"the most normal mental issue in children† (p. 168). From a parent’s point of view, ADHD is a disturbing issue dreaded because of its antagonistic impacts on the conduct of youngsters. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) further notes that the side effects for the turmoil â€Å"are generally very much created by school age† kids and are likewise â€Å"most unmistakably and reliably saw in the school and study hall environment† (p. 170).For the parent, ADHD is a confusion that ought to be given exacting thought as it might extraordinarily influence their child’s school execution and by and large mental turn of events. The article gives a nitty gritty record of the historical backdrop of ADHD, reliably refering to prior looks into directed in analyzing the turmoil. The article likewise stresse s the past rules in deciding the confusion. Generally, Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) contend that DSM-IV as another models for the predominance of ADHD.In their examination, the creators acquired instructors who will top off a conduct rating scale for their understudies. Kids from kindergarten to fifth grade in a center Tennessee region took part in a second report under a similar research. Also, the surveys utilized in the exploration comprised of an altered instructor rating scale so as to fit the DSM-IV. In the examinations, a primary segment factor investigation with varimax revolution was utilized. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) discovered similitudes among the examinations and that ADHD is without a doubt a predominant issue among school children.With DSM-IV as the new models, the scientists affirm that the extent of ADHD is more common than we may definitely know. From the point of view of the parent, it can scarcely be precluded that the practices from claiming their youn gsters may reflect manifestations of ADHD somehow. By taking note of the exploration discoveries of Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996), guardians may before long understand that their youngsters may have ADHD or show indications of the confusion. It might cause a purpose behind caution which can at last outcome to an expansion in the endeavors of guardians to continually screen their children’s conduct both at home and in school.I have discovered that ADHD is to be sure a genuine issue since it is predominant among kids who, in their young age, are still nearly learning numerous things which are fundamental to one’s life. On the off chance that that is the situation, ADHD represents a danger on the more youthful age of students which ought to be an adequate explanation behind the learning organizations and key officials to survey the school administrations being given and to make estimates which will address the manifestations of the turmoil showed by youthful students wi th ADHD. Without question, my viewpoint towards ADHD and the individuals who have it has changed.The commonness of ADHD among kids instructed me that the turmoil is certifiably not a basic issue which has an instant arrangement. Since the confusion is basically established in the human cerebrum, one’s disposition towards youngsters with ADHD ought not be in a brutal manner. Figuring out how to treat kids with the confusion with deference and comprehension is an unquestionable requirement. On the off chance that the realities introduced by Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) are not convincing enough, I can't think about some other convincing power to make individuals reexamine their perspectives towards individuals with ADHD.In case one may ponder, the exploration done by the writers of the article is a dependable research basically in light of the fact that the writers have precisely and unbiasedly gave their discoveries no respect to individual predisposition. All the more sign ificantly, the creators have the power and academic records to back-up their endeavors in the examination. For one, Mark Wolraich is the Child Development Center’s chief just as a Professor of Pediatrics in Vanderbilt University Medical Center.On the other hand, Anna Baumgaertel is an Assistant Professor of Pe

Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability. Answer: Presentation The current simple report centers around giving the connection between the imbalance and divination allegations among the individuals of Sylhet Bangladesh. The connection between the divination allegations alongside the social change is viewed as one of the significant impacts of strict conviction among the individuals of the general public. These has one viewed as one of the significant issue that is looked by the individuals of the cutting edge society and is additionally accepted to be one of the significant difficulties of globalization. The paper is about the article 'What else do we Bengalis do?' Sorcery, abroad movement, and the new disparities in Sylhet, Bangladesh , which is composed by Alyson Callan of London. This article was distributed in the year 2007, which means to concentrate on giving subtleties of the magic and strange notion conviction that exist inside the individuals of the Sylhet society. The article likewise examine about the disparity that exists inside the individuals of the general public, which made the ladies face battle and badgering inside the general public. The contention against the magic practice is being depicted in the paper. The examination for the exploration work was finished utilizing subjective research technique and the picked populace for the investigation incorporates the nearby individuals of Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The scientist conveyed the examination for time of 10 years and has utilized the essential structure information assortment that is gathered from the straigh tforwardly speaking with the individuals of Sylhet region of Bangladesh (Callan, 2007). Hypotheses of Anthropology The hypotheses of Anthropology are expected to portray the social convictions of the individuals of certain region, inside a specific timeframe. The social imbalance among the individuals of Sylhet region of Bangladesh has forestalled the impacts of globalization. The worldwide private enterprise is one of the principle hypotheses applicable to the Anthropology, which is accepted to be the reason for disparity among the general public of Bangladesh. The individuals from the third world creating nation, who relocates toward the Western countries likewise needs to confront the impact of imbalance inside the general public. The ladies in the general public are likewise the survivor of disparity. The general public of Bangladesh has been rehearsing the propensity for magic for fix of illness. This witchcraft has been one of the fundamental driver of disparity in the Sylhet of Bangladesh. From different social orders all over the world magic has been one of the significant reasons for disadvantages and disparity (Bernard Gravlee, 2014). Anyway the utilization of magic doesn't speak to the total image of the general public of Bangladesh. The use of witchcraft inside the general public is viewed as a Taboo that is for the most part utilized in relieving of illnesses. Diverse religion inside the network of Bangladesh has distinctive assessment about the utilization of divination. For instance in Muslim people group divination is accepted to be deserving of death as indicated by their God. Then again for some other religion witchcraft is accepted to be the endowments of God. The Supernatural conviction has been one of the most well-known and successful ways that is rehearsed among a few in reverse class social orders the whole way across the world. The Global disparity among the individuals of a network is viewed as one of the significant explanations behind clash. Worldwide private enterprise is viewed as one of the principle explanations behind social disparity that exist inside the individuals of different networks. The Global private enterprise is one of the significant kinds of free enterprise that is a piece of the 21st century. During the time spent globalizing the world economy in the mid twentieth century, free enterprise turned into a significant piece of each general public on the planet. As of late Global private enterprise has 5 significant attributes. The creation framework, connection among capital and work and the monetary framework is all control by the standards of worldwide free enterprise. The approaches of worldwide creation and Finance have been chairman and are viewed as one of the change of condition of cutting edge society. The test of world economy has been considered as one of the significant disadvantages of cutting edge Global private enterprise which is additionally answerable for making imbalance inside monetary a nd budgetary capacity of people (Crane Matten, 2016). Basic outline of the Chosen Text The picked article talks about the disparities that exist in the general public of Sylhet region of Bangladesh because of divination and abroad movement. The article was composed after a field work that is done in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh from a time of 1999 and 2005. Being one of the underdeveloped nation the greater part of the Bangladeshi is travel to Western nations like UK for better monetary chance. It has been seen that 5% of the all out Britain's populace comprised of workers from Bangladesh. This is one of the significant reasons for disparity among the individuals of Bangladesh as a large portion of the individuals don't get equivalent chance to make monetary and budgetary improvement of the life. The utilization of black magic and divination is likewise one of the significant purposes behind downsides of Bangladeshi society. Numerous individuals all over the Bangladesh has solid conviction and confidence in magic type of treatment that has no major logical proof and is completely founded on offbeat conviction. The Sorcerer is rehearsed inside the networks of Bangladesh by numerous individuals so as to make hurt each other. There are numerous offbeat convictions inside the network where individuals thinks giving pessimistic comments to each other can be dangerous and furthermore cause mischief to others. Individuals likewise utilize enchanted spells to hurt the culprits. In addition, individuals across various religion have characterized top Indians about the utilization of black magic and magic. Despite the cutting edge type of globalization most recent type of Science and Technology heavenly force is accepted to be one of the significant pieces of the general public of Bangladeshi. All things considered the presentation of current treatment and clinical procedures has killed the prevalence of magic and black magic. Be that as it may, inside the Sylhet people group, the individuals will not acknowledge the advanced treatment strategies as they have solid confidence their own conventional t ype of treatment. The individuals likewise dread that utilization of present day clinical strategies can make hurt their own wistful and strict conviction. There include been a few cases inside the general public why individuals would not take treatment from specialists and expert Healthcare specialists. The reactions that are related with the advanced clinical methods of treatment have likewise caused additional dread inside the standard network. There are numerous individuals all over Bangladesh, who despite everything practice this customary and witchcraft type of treatment. There are even a few cases, where the individuals exploit feeble individuals, so as to rehearse out of line methods for clinical treatment. These phony individuals have colossal compelling force on the others of network as they shakedown individuals for the sake of the ruler and otherworldly force. They are odd even situation where numerous Agencies have been discovered where individuals normally practice ill icit and strange type of treatment. Disregarding the cutting edge headway of the general public the act of black magic and divination has been a significant piece of the general public of Bangladesh. Ladies of Bangladeshi society have additionally been a casualty of imbalance that exists because of some conventional customary convictions. There are numerous customary convictions which limit a wedded lady to have total opportunity of their own life and furthermore get full help from their family. Henceforth the monetary and money related state of the lady in the Bangladeshi society are exceptionally undermined because of the social disgrace and odd conviction the individuals, who are additionally ready to go to abroad and make due with better possibility and vocation likewise face provocation because of disparity. Because of the distinction in the way of life numerous individuals can't alter with the way of life of the Western culture. The utilization of divination has thrived in the Sylhet society because of the imbalances and absence of mindfulness among the individuals. The use of magic is likewise forestalled the individuals of Sylhet society to get profit by the impact of globalization. The individuals who have moved in the remote nations have additionally felt the impact of imbalance. The conventional strict conviction among the individuals of the general public of Sylhet is accepted to be the fundamental driver of use of witchcraft. The lady inside the general public has likewise been the casualty of imbalance that was caused because of utilization of magic. The ladies, whose spouse live in the outside nation additionally has not had the option to modify inside the general public. End The act of divination and black magic inside the general public of Bangladesh has been a significant effect that has forestalled modernization and furthermore the constructive outcomes of globalization inside the country. Because of the impact of worldwide free enterprise disparity has brought up in the general public of Bangladesh. High pace of movement to Overseas Nation is additionally viewed as one of the principle explanations behind imbalance that exist inside the general public. The lady over all pieces of the general public has likewise been a casualty of disparity. They need to confront colossal test from all pieces of the general public before odd significantly after marriage. For instance the child's significant other in the place of parents in law faces immense test so as to change with the family because of absence of help. The act of magic and unreasonable types of treatment has become a well known piece of Bangladeshi society. Hans numerous patients and the individuals of Bangladesh are denied to benefit the advanced type of Medical Technology. The pertinent hypothesis of humanities can be applied inside the general public so as to improve the personal satisfaction of the individuals. Reference Bernard, H. R., Gravlee, C. C. (Eds.). (2014).Handbook of techniques in social humanities. Rowman Littlefield. Callan, A. (2007). What else do we Bengalis do

Choose SIPA for the United Nations Studies Working Group, says Camilo Lizarralde, MIA 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Choose SIPA for the United Nations Studies Working Group, says Camilo Lizarralde, MIA 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Everyone here at the Admissions Office knows that many of our newly-admitted students are still torn between enrolling at SIPA or  another public policy program this upcoming fall. With enrollment deadlines looming, I wanted to share with you a post by one of our Admissions Ambassadors, Camilo Lizarralde. Camilo, MIA 15,  is in the  International Security Policy concentration and United Nations specialization. Since many of you are interested in SIPAs ties with the United Nations, I thought Camilos story was  pertinent  to share. As one of the first UN Studies specializers, he has a lot of passion for SIPA and its connection to the United Nations. Heres why Camilo  chose SIPA. [Photo Courtesy of Camilo Lizarralde] UNSWG 2014 co-presidents at the United Nations.There were many reasons I decided to enroll at SIPAsuch as location (having lived in NYC for 10+ years) and  the variety of class offerings and events that the school offersbut personally, I thought the diversity of the student population and the close ties that the school has with the United Nations were the reasons that made me decide to go for SIPA. Nearly two years later,  I can attest that SIPA did indeed live up to my diversity and UN-related expectations. Back in September 2013, during my first month at SIPA, I began meeting a lot of students from many countries, backgrounds and cultures. It was great to hear about their different perspectives and personal and professional backgrounds. We (the Class of 2015) were all eager to meet everyone else during our first few weeks at SIPA. Advice: For the too soon-to-be Seeples: Be open to talking to everyone and make an effort to talk to as many people as you can during your first weeks of school. It will change soon after as school work increases and everyone establishes their close circle of friends. I ended up making friends with other students who were also interested in learning more about the UN. We became very close after going through the process of being newbies and learning how to navigate the system. My first semester went by really fast, perhaps because of the excitement of being at SIPA and the many new experiences I had. Advice: In addition to your school work, try to get involved in other activities such as social events and outings as much as you can. It will be overwhelming since school work is heavy and you are getting used to the system, but those months are key for establishing connections with other students. During your second year, your mindset may change to focus on what’s next, i.e. job hunting. At the end of my first semester, elections were announced for first-year students to become the next board members of SIPA’s student-led organizations. Since many of my friends were also interested in the UN, a few of us decided to run for the different board positions of the United Nations Studies Working Group (UNSWG). I decided to run for co-president and was lucky to win the elections! [Photo Courtesy of Camilo Lizarralde] The newly-elected 2014 UNSWG Board.At the start our second semester, we took over  the organization,  and now that I reflect back, it was a great experience. Not only because it gave me the opportunity to meet more Seeples interested in UN-related events, but also because it gave me a leadership position with the responsibility to keep the group visible at SIPA. Additionally, we had the responsibility to keep the ties to the UN and strengthen that SIPA-UN bridge. The members of the group, dubbed “UNSWGers,” had different interestssuch as international security, human rights, economic and political development or environmental issuesso  it was challenging to keep all members of the group interested and involved. Looking back, (and based on the positive feedback received from students, faculty, alumni and UN staff) all who participated in panels, discussions, brown bag lunches, seminars and outings, we are pleased to have had such an active student group. Thus, for  future Seeples, my advice is to get involved as much as you can during your first year to fully immerse in the SIPA experience. Being part of a student group, as a board member or as an active member, will make your experience more enjoyable. I guarantee you will have the opportunity to listen to new perspectives of issues you may already know about, and you will be able to bring your own perspective to the conversation  as well. As a co-president and leader of UNSWG, I established many connections at SIPA. It also provided me with opportunities to establish seamless connections with SIPA professors and SIPA alumni (some who now work at the UN), and it even opened doors with UN staff who  attended our UNSWG events as panelists or lecturers. The overall experience was very rewarding  (I  met and talked to high-level diplomats like Kofi Annan) and I  established  true friendships with fellow Seeples. A year later, in December 2014, we left the board pleased and proud of our accomplishments; specifically  the legacy that we left behind. We worked with SIPA students, faculty and leadership to make the former UN Studies track  a specialization, which was approved by the Dean and institutionalized within the last year,  giving the opportunity to future Seeples to take UN Studies as a specialization. And I am happy to be one of the first UN specializers! *** Join Camilo  Lizarralde as both a Seeple and future UNSWGer  by accepting your admission offer today. If you received a SIPA fellowship/scholarship, the deadline to accept your offer is April 15, 2015; all other applicants have until May 1, 2015 to respond to their offer.

The Importance Of Being Earnest And Giovannis Room Analysis

In the play, The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde and the novel Giovanni’s Room written by James Baldwin both address the topic of bunburying. Bunburying is a way in which people use something as an excuse to get out of something like a social obligation or civil duty. In The Importance of Being Earnest a majority of the characters use bunburying to get out of a commitment. In the novel, Giovanni’s Room the main character David demonstrates bunburying when he flees to Paris from the United States. David bunburies his way out of the United States for a variety of different reasons. One of the reasons why I believe David exhibits bunburying is because he feels ashamed for falling in love with a man. This could be†¦show more content†¦Using Hella as an alibi was a perfect way for David to prove to the world his true masculinity. Another reason why David bunburies his way out of The United Sates and flees to Paris is because of his father. David does not want his father to know that he is gay whatsoever. For example, David Says, â€Å"Then I thought of my father, who had no one in the world but me...† (Baldwin 9). David feels that him being gay would be an enormous burden to his father because they have already been through a lot with his mother passing away at a young age, and since David’s father raised him himself he does not want his dad to think that it was his fault that he was interested in the same sex. David says, â€Å"What passed between us as masculine candor exhausted and appalled me† (Baldwin 17). David is referring to the fact that his father thinks their relationship is very open and that is what scares David because his father does not even know who he truly is. Another of example of why David’s relationship with his father is a reason why he flees the US is becaus e David starts to realize that he is actually turning into his father because of the way that David drinks. David says, â€Å"Soon it was I who came home staggering home late at night, it was I who found Ellen waiting up for me...† (Baldwin 16). David is suggesting that it was no longer just his dad coming home drunk at night, it was now him. The only way that David seemed to

Administrative Segregation And Its Effect On The Workplace

Over the past several years there has been a dramatic increase in Administrative Segregation, which many inmates call Ad. Seg. Administrative Segregation is a distinctive area where violent inmates are sent. Solitary Confinement is another name for this area where inmates who violated rules, are seemed as a threat to others or themselves are housed. Each cell holds a single person in which the inmates reside 23 hours a day and are allowed out for one hour to exercise in a 6X10 cage. Administrative Segregation strips inmates from the little privileges they do have while locked behind bars. Many consider Administrative Segregation as a prison within a prison for inmates who act out of order. The time table for inmates who serve time under solitary confinement is based upon the severity of the violation, sentences can range from a few days, to a few months and in some cases time over a year. One of the main reasons for psychological disorder in inmates can be associated with the circu mstances in which they are held, chiefly, it tends to be worse for inmates who are held for prolonged periods of time in Administrative Segregation. Inmates as well their loved ones are currently making efforts in bringing light to the situation. In doing so they hope to draw attention from American society and government official’s conscious of the inhumaneness of Ag. Seg in regards to U.S. correctional facilities. This paper will not only discuss why inmates should not be placed inShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Barrier Of Barrier721 Words   |  3 Pagesprevent the leak from develop into a major accident (typically by segregation of equipment, the segregation shall preferably be by distance). †¢ Minimize: Reducing the amount of hazardous material present at any one time, e.g. by using smaller batches. †¢ Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less hazard, e.g. cleaning with water and detergent rather than a flammable solvent †¢ Moderate: Reducing the strength of an effect, e.g. having a cold liquid instead of a gas at high pressure, orRead MoreThe American With Disabilities Act998 Words   |  4 Pages(ADA) defines disability as â€Å"a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual†. There are many different perspectives of what the term disability means from an administrative, clinical, or academic research perspective. 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More women are working outside the home and their earnings are important to the well-being of their families. What are the effect on their families, careers and equal wages? The days of mom staying at home full-time are long gone for most families. More women are their family’s breadwinners than ever before. Heather Boushey in The New Breadwinners, states â€Å"Women are more likely

Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks Free Essays

A Banker on whom a cheque is drawn should pay the cheque when it is presented for payment. * This cheque paying function is a distinguished one of a banker. * This obligation has been imposed on him by sec. We will write a custom essay sample on Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks or any similar topic only for you Order Now 31 of the N. I Act, 1881. * A banker is bound to honour his customer’s cheque, to the extent of the funds available and the existence of no legal bar to payment. Again, for making payment the cheque must be in order and it must be duly presented for payment at the branch where the account is kept. * The paying banker should use reasonable care and diligence in paying a cheque, so as to abstain from any action likely to damage his customer’s credit. * If the paying banker wrongfully dishonours a cheque, he will be asked to pay heavy damages. * At the same time, if he makes payment in a hurry, even when there is sufficient balance, the banker will not be allowed to debit the customer’s account. If he does so, it will amount to sanctioning of overdraft without prior arrangement, and later on, the customer can claim it as precedent and compel the banker to pay cheque in the absence of sufficient balance. His position is very precarious and is in between the devil and the deep sea. PRECAUTIONS BEFORE HONORING A CHEQUE In order to safeguard his position, the paying banker has to observe the following precautions before honouring a cheque. Presentation of The Cheque (a) Type of the cheque: Before honouring a cheque, he must find out the type to which it belongs. Cheques may generally be of two types- open or crossed. If it is an open one, the payment may be made at the counter. If it is crossed, the payment must be made only to fellow banker. If it is specially crossed, the payment must be specifically made to that banker in whose favour it has been crossed. If there are ‘A/C Payee’ and ‘Not Negotiable’ crossings the paying banker need not worry, as they are the directions only to the collecting banker. If the paying banker pays a cheque contrary to the crossing, he is liable to the drawer. Therefore, he must pay special attention to the type of a cheque. b) Branch: The Paying banker should see whether the cheque is drawn on the branch where the account is kept. If it is drawn on another branch, without any prior arrangement, the banker can safely return the cheque. (c) Account: Even in the same branch, a customer might have opened two or more accounts. Hence, the paying banker should see that the cheque of one acco unt is not used for withdrawing money from another account. (d) Banking hours: The paying banker should also note whether the cheque is presented during the banking hours on a business day. Payment outside the banking hours does not amount to payment in due course. e) Mutilation: If a cheque is torn into pieces or cancelled or mutilated, then, the paying banker should not honour it. He should return the cheque for the drawer’s confirmation. In a case cheque is torn accidentally, the drawer must confirm it by writing such words as ‘Accidentally torn by me’ and affixing his full signature. A cheque torn into two or more pieces is generally returned with a remark ‘Mutilated’. Form of cheque: Printed form: The cheque must be in proper form. It must satisfy all the requirements of law. The customers should draw cheques only on the printed leaves supplied by the bankers. Unconditional order: The cheque should not contain any condition. If it is a conditional one, the paying banker’s position will become critical and he may not honour it. Date: Before honouring a cheque, the bank must see whether there is a date on the instrument. If it is undated, it cannot be regarded as a valid instrument. If a cheque is ante- dated, it may be paid if it has not become stale by that time. A cheque, which is presented after six months, from the date of its issue, is a stale one. If a cheque is post- dated, he should honour it only on its due date. Amount: The next important precaution is that the banker should see whether the amount stated in the cheque, both in words and figures, agree with each other. If the amount is stated only in figures, the banker should return it with a remark ’Amount required to be stated in words’. However if the amount stated only in words, the banker may honour it. Supposing , there is a difference in the amount stated in words and figures, then the banker can take any one of the following courses available to him: i) He can dishonour the cheque with a memorandum ‘words and figures differ’ or i)He can honour the amount stated in words According to Sec. 18 of the N. I. Act, if the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid is stated differently in figures and words, the amount stated in words shall be the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid. ’ However in practice, if the difference is insignificant, payment is sometimes made. But usually the paying banker returns t he cheque under such circumstances, since there is an audit objection to the practice of honouring such cheques. III. Sufficient balance: There must be sufficient balance to meet the cheque. If the funds available are not sufficient to honour a cheque, the paying banker is justified in returning it. So, before honouring a cheque, he must check up the present state of his customers account. IV. Signature of the drawer: The next important duty of a paying banker is to compare the signature of his customer found on the cheque with that of his specimen signature. If he fails to do so and if he pays a cheque , which contains a forged signature of the drawer, then, the payment will not amount to payment in due course. Hence, he can not claim protection under Sec. 85 of the N. I. Act. If the signature has been too skillfully forged for the banker to find it out, even then the banker is liable. However, if the customer facilitates the forgery of his signature by his conduct, then, the banker will be relieved from his liability. Legal bar: The existence of legal bar like Garnishee Order limits the duty of the banker to pay a cheque. Garnishee order refers to the order issued by a court attaching the funds of the judgment debtor (i. e. , the customer) in the hands of a third party (i. e. , the banker). The term ‘Garnishee’ refers to the person who has been served with the order. This Garnishee proceedings comprise of two steps. As a first step ‘Garnishee Order Nisi’ will be issued. ‘Nisi’ means ‘unless’. In other words, this order gives an opportunity to the banker to prove that this order could not be enforced. If the banker does not make any counterclaim, this order becomes absolute one. This ‘garnishee Order absolute’ actually attaches the account of the customer. If it attaches the whole amount of a customer’s account, then, the banker must dishonour the cheque drawn by that customer. He can honour his cheques to the extent of the amount that is not garnished. Endorsement: Before honouring a cheque, the banker must verify the regularity of endorsement, if any, that appears on the instrument. It is more so in the case of an order cheque, which requires an endorsement before its delivery. For instance, if there is per pro endorsement, the banker must find out the existence of authority. Failure to do so constitutes negligence on the part of the paying banker. Per pro endorsement is an endorsement made by an authorized agent. Prior information about the delegation of authority to the agent must have been given to the banker. Otherwise, a banker is not legally bound to accept this type of endorsement. CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A CHEQUE CAN BE DISHONORED Countermanding: Countermanding is the instruction given by the customer of a bank requesting the bank not to honour a particular cheque issued by him. When such an order is received, the banker must refuse to pay the cheque. If a customer informs by telephone or telegram regarding the stopping payment of a cheque, the banker should diplomatically delay the payment, till written instructions are received. If the situation is very critical, he can return the cheque by giving a suitable answer like ’payment countermanded by telephone and postponed pending confirmation. Therefore, countermanding instructions, once received, must be kept as a constant record. A ‘stopped payment’ register may be maintained for ready reference. Upon the receipt of notice of death of a customer: When a banker receives written information from an authoritative source, (preferably from the nearest relatives) regarding the death of a parti cular customer, he should not honour any cheque drawn by that deceased customer. If the banker is unaware of the death of a customer, he may honour the cheque drawn by him. Death puts an automatic end to the contractual relationship between a banker and his customer. Upon the receipt of notice of insolvency: Once a banker has knowledge of the insolvency of a customer, he must refuse to pay cheques drawn by him. Upon the receipt of notice of insanity: Where a banker receives notice of a customer’s insanity, he is justified in refusing payment of the cheque drawn by him. The banker should make a careful note, when the lunacy order is received. It is advisable that the banker should act upon a definite proof of the customer’s insanity like a doctor’s certificate, a court order etc. Upon the receipt of notice of assignment: The bank balance of a customer constitutes an asset and it can be assigned to any person by giving a letter of assignment to the banker. Once an assignment has been made, the assignor has no legal rights over the bank balance and therefore, if any cheque is drawn by him, the banker should refuse to honour it. When a breach of trust is intended: In the case of a trust account, mere knowledge of the customer’s intention to use the trust funds for his personal use, is a sufficient reason to dishonour his cheque. Defective title: If a person who brings a cheque for payment has no title or his title is defective, the banker should refuse to honour the cheque presented by him. For instance, a person who brings a cheque, which has been countermanded or which has been forged, has no title to it. Statutory Protection to a Paying Banker: Supposing, a paying banker pays a cheque, which bears a forged signature of the payee or endorsee, he is liable to the true owner of the cheque. But, it is quite unjustifiable to make the banker responsible for such errors. It is so because; he is not expected to know the signature of the payee or the endorsee. Therefore, law relieves the paying banker from his liability to the true owner in such cases. This relief is known as ‘statutory protection. ’ To claim protection under Sec. 85 of the N. I. Act, 1881, the banker should have fulfilled the following conditions: * He should have paid an order cheque. * Such a cheque should have been endorsed by the payee or his order. * It should have been paid in due course. PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE The cheque should have been paid in due course as per Sec. 0 of the N. I. Act. This concept of payment in due course has three essential features: (I) Apparent tenor of the instrument: To avail of the statutory protection, the payment should have been made according to the apparent tenor of the instrument. The apparent tenor refers to the intention of the parties, as it is evident from the face of the instrument. Example: If a drawer draws a cheque with a post –date, his intention is to make payment only after a certain date. If it is paid before the due date, this payment does not amount to payment in due course. So also, the payment of a countermanded cheque does not amount to payment in due course. (ii) Payment in good faith and without negligence: Good faith forms the basis of all banking transactions. As regards negligence, the banker may sometimes be careless in his duties, which constitutes an act of negligence. If negligence is proved, the banker will loss the statutory protection given under Sec. 85. Example: * Payment of a crossed cheque over the counter. * Payment of a post-dated cheque before maturity. * Failure to verify the regularity of an endorsement. iii)Payment to a person who is entitled to receive payment: The banker must see that the person, who presents the cheque, is in possession of the instrument and he is entitled to receive the amount of the cheque. Protection to a bearer cheque: Now this protection has been extended to bearer cheques also under sec. 85(2). If a bearer cheque is paid in due course, the banker is entitled to get protection. Statutory Protection in the case of a Materially Altered Cheque: A paying banker cannot normally claim any statutory protection for a materially altered cheque. However; Sec. 89of the Negotiable instrument Act. Gives protection in the case of a materially altered cheque provided, (1) He is liable to pay, (2)Such an alteration is not apparent and, (3) The banker has made the payment in due course. Recovery of Money Paid by Mistake: Under the following circumstances, money wrongly paid can be recovered:- (i)Money received mala fide is recoverable: When a person receives money by mistake in bad faith, knowing that he is not entitled to receive that money, then, the banker is entitled to recover the same. (ii) Money paid under a mistake of fact is recoverable: For instance, a banker pays money to X, thinking that he is Y. This is a mistake of fact regarding the identity of the parties. Y is under a legal duty to pay the money back to the banker. COLLECTING BANKER A collecting banker is one who undertakes to collect the amount of a cheque for his customer from the paying banker. In collecting a cheque, the banker can act in two capacities namely (1) as a holder for value, and (2) as an agent for collection. The banker would be as a holder for value: (a) If he allows his customers to withdraw money before cheques paid in for collection are actually collected and credited. b) If any open cheque is accepted and the value is paid before collection, and (c) If there is a reduction in the overdraft account of the customer before the cheque is collected and credited in the respective account. In all these cases, the banker acquires a personal interest. A Banker as an agent: In practice, no banker credits a customer account even before a cheque is collected. He collects a cheque on behalf of a customer. So, he cannot acquire any of the rights of a holder for value. He has to act only as an agent of the customer. Duties of A Collecting Banker: i) Exercise reasonable care and diligence in his collection work: When a banker collects a cheque for his customer, he acts only as an agent of the customer. He should exercise reasonable care, diligence and skill in collection work. (ii) Present the cheque for collection without any delay: The banker must present the cheque for payment without any delay. If there is delay in presentment, the customer may suffer losses due to the insolvency of the drawer or insufficiency of funds in the account of the drawer or insolvency of the banker himself. In all such cases, the banker should bear the loss. iii) Notice to customer in the case of dishonour of a cheque: The N. I. Act has prescribed a reasonable time for giving the notice of dishonour. If he fails to do so, and consequently, any loss arises to the customer, the banker has to bear the loss. (iv) Pr esent the bill for acceptance at an early date: As per sec. 61 of the N. I. Act, a bill of exchange must be accepted. If a banker undertakes to collect bills, it is his duty to present them for acceptance at an early date. (v) Present the bill for payment: The banker should present the bills for payment in proper time and at proper place. If he fails to do so and if any loss occurs to the customer, then, the banker will be liable. According to Sec. 66 of N. I. Act a bill must be presented for payment on maturity. (vi) Protest and note a foreign bill for non-acceptance: In case of dishonour of a bill by non-acceptance or non-payment, it is the duty of the collecting banker to inform the customer immediately. Generally he returns the bill to the customer. In the absence of specific instructions, collecting bankers do not get the inland bills noted and protested for dishonour. If the bill in question happens to be a foreign bill, the banker should have it protested and noted by a notary public and then forwarded it to the customer. Statutory Protection to the collecting Banker: According to sec. 131 of the N. I. Act, statutory protection is available to the collecting Banker in the following cases: (i)Crossed cheques only: a collecting banker only for crossed cheques can claim statutory protection. It is so because, in the case of an open cheque, it is not absolutely necessary for a person to seek the service of a bank. ii) Collections on behalf of customers as an agent: a banker only can claim the above protection for those cheques collected by him as agent of his customers. iii) In good faith and without negligence: In order to get the protection under this section, a collecting banker must act in good faith and without negligence. Matter of negligence is of great importance. Basis of negligence: When a collecting banker wants to claim protection under S ec. 131, he has the burden of proving that he has acted without negligence. Gross negligence: If a banker is completely careless in collecting a cheque, then, he will be held liable under the ground of ‘gross negligence. ’ Examples: Collecting a cheque crossed ‘A/C payee’ for other than the payee’s account: Account payee crossing is a direction to the collecting banker. If he collects a cheque crossed ’A/C payee’ for any person other than the payee, then, this fact will be proved as an evidence of gross negligence. FAILURE TO VERIFY THE CORRECTNESS OF ENDORSEMENT If a banker omits to verify the correctness of endorsements on cheques payable to order, he will be deprived of the statutory protection. i)Failure to verify the existence of authority in the case of per pro signatures: If a collecting banker fails to verify the existence of authority in the case of per pro signatures, if any, will be proved as an evidence of gross negligence. (ii) Negligence connected with the immediate collection: If, on the face of a cheque, there is a warning that there is misappropriation of money, the collecting banker should make some reasonable enquiry and only after getting some satisfactory explanations, he can proceed to collect cheques. Examples: * Collecting a cheque drawn against the principal’s A/c, to the private A/c of the agent without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the firm to the private A/c of a partner without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the company to the private account of a director or any other officer without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the employer to the private account of the employee would constitute negligence under sec. 131 of the N. I. Act. * Collecting a cheque payable to the trustee, to the private account of the person operating the trust account is another instance of negligence of a banker. iii) Negligence under Remote Grounds: Normally, we cannot expect a banker to be liable under certain circumstances. But, the bankers have been held negligent under those situations, which are branded as ‘remote grounds. ’ Examples: * Omission to obtain a letter of introduction from a new customer causes negligence. * Failure to enquire into the source of supply of large funds into an account, which has been kept in a poor condition for a long time, constitutes negligence. How to cite Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks, Essay examples

Social Studies New France Part 1 Question #5 Defend Or Refute The St

Social Studies: New France Part 1 Question #5: Defend or refute the statement: "Trapping should be illegal-then and now" Trapping is a very important issue, which is connected to many other larger issues. For instance, trapping lies at the heart of the First Nation's distinct society issue. Before I talk about the present, however, I would like to discuss whether trapping should have been illegal when Canada was first being settled in the 17th and 18th centuries. When the first explorers came to the new world, it was regarded as a huge slab of worthless rock standing between Europe and the riches of the Orient. The only reason these explorers even explored this continent was the hope of finding the North-West passage, a route to the Orient. Fortunately, while searching for this North-West passage, some of these explorers stumbled onto a virtual magnet for settlement: The Fur Trade. When people heard how pelts of all kinds could be obtained so easily and sold for so much, the idea of not settling in the new world was ridiculous. Suddenly settlers came to this "slab of worthless rock" and tried to set up permanent living there. Even after a few failed attempts the draw of the fur trade was responsible for the settlement we call New France. After the first steps toward a permanent colony in the new world were made, the next steps came in leaps and bounds. The French government was sending everyone they could to settle in New France. Courieurs de Bois, began coming to the colony to trap furs and sell them back in France. France granted land to poor people that were willing to risk the great voyage. The colony flourished, and grew. It was the fur trade that was mostly responsible for this colony. However, some think that by this point the colony was large enough to illegalize fur trapping and still remain a profitable colony for France. However, there is one major reason that fur trading should have been allowed: Relations with the Indians. Relations with the India ns were shaky, at best. Some Indians befriended the French, and some befriended the English. Some just gave their furs to the highest bidder. The relationship with the Indians was more than just a trade agreement. The wars of the Indians were the wars of the French. Now, imagine what would happen if one day, an Indian came to a Frenchman and offered him a pelt. The Frenchman tells the Indian that not only will he not buy it, but no Frenchman in New France will. Not only that, trapping furs in the forests belonging to the French was not allowed. The relationships with the Indians which had taken so long to establish would be shattered in days. The Indians would probably recognize the French as their enemies. Now not only the enemies of the Indian "friends" of the French would attack them, but also their "friends". Settlers would again become afraid to come to New France because of the fierce Indian attacks. The French colony in New France would cease to exist. Therefore, I think trap ping should have been legal then. Now that I have talked about fur trapping then, I'll talk about it now. Unfortunately, it is much more complicated now. Animal rights activists have told us that it is wrong to kill an animal for its fur. I strongly agree with this opinion, especially since man-made fur is so accessible. Unfortunately, there are people who feel they deserve real fur if they can pay for it. Although I disagree with them, you cannot just deny them the fur, because one way or another they will arrange to get it. Even so, trapping (for fur) should be illegal. If you want real fur, you should not kill wild animals. You should go to a farm where animals are raised for their fur. The problem of people wanting real fur is small compared to other problems for and against the fur trade. For instance, if we illegalize trapping, the First Nation's way of life would be totally disrupted. Not letting the First Nation trap is like taking away a large profession from us, for instan ce law. What would