Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A study hall that incorporates understudies determined to have ADHD needs to incorporate viable mediation systems. As indicated by the American Psychiatric Association, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is portrayed by unavoidable and formatively unseemly troubles with consideration, impulsivity, and hyper action. These understudies as often as possible experience issues adhering to study hall controls and can show hostility, they are additionally bound to be dismissed socially and have more trouble coexisting with different understudies. School-based administrations are generally required just as arrangement in a custom curriculum class. The execution of conduct methodologies joined with the utilization of psychotropic meds can help accomplish a positive result and a more prominent possibility of achievement. Youngsters with ADHD have various practices that can keep them from learning and those practices can go from being somewhat troublesome to nearly making it inconceivable for scholastic and social achievement. An assortment of social techniques can be actualized to suit every youngster's needs. These techniques ought to incorporate some unmistakable, straightforward desires or decides that blueprint anticipated practices for all understudies. These principles ought to be posted and explored much of the time just as perceived and commended when they are being followed. At the point when all understudies comprehend the desires, they have an objective they can progress in the direction of. For certain understudies having extra prompts can assist them with maintaining restraint and accomplish these objectives. Scholastic assignments can appear to be overpowering for certain understudies and there are a few different ways to enable these understudies to finish their school work. One viable system is altering the size of an undertaking, breaking it into littler assignments can assist them with making progress. Step by step expanding the degree of trouble, and the time spent dealing with a scholastic action may enable a few understudies to learn self guideline. At the point when they can finish an undertaking they ought to be lauded or compensated. I presently work in a study hall where there are adjustments made for a few understudies relying upon the subject being instructed. One understudy becomes overpowered by math exercises and feels vanquished before he even starts. His conduct mirrors this when he gets troublesome and won't attempt. A few methodologies have been actualized to support him and are as of now being utilized with progress. Introducing the work in littler assignments has helped him feel less overpowered. First I ensure he comprehends the undertaking and what the all out task is, at that point it is broken into areas for him to browse. By picking the segment he feels generally good in the first place advances an inspirational disposition toward the general errand. Joining this with encouraging feedback and commendation for keeping focused and not disturbing others has been effective and this present understudy's normal evaluation has expanded by 10% since the start of the school year. Support based procedures like a prize framework can be an extremely accommodating device in general class system. The ideal conduct and desires should be plot just as what the prize will be. These desires should be individual and reasonable so the understudy can see improvement toward the objective. This system can be effective when utilized normally and finished. This is a methodology that I right now work with and it brings positive outcomes. I work in a seventh grade ASD study hall where there are clear homeroom objectives just as individual objectives. The understudies procure â€Å"checks† for momentary prizes like 15 minutes of IPad use or craftsmanship time just as a bigger objective of â€Å"Friday Fun† which is a free time of social cooperation with cohorts where they can pick a game or movement to play for a whole period. The objectives are individualized and can be expanded as the understudy's capacity develops. Having a drawn out objective additionally gives an understudy space to alter their conduct and compensate for times when conduct should have been remedied. Only one out of every odd understudy procures this prize constantly, yet the educator enables the understudies to comprehend where they need improvement and how together they can function to accomplish their objective for the following week. The two articles talk about the significance of the association between guardians, educators, and advisors. All gatherings ought to have a decent comprehension of the systems utilized at home and in school. These techniques are the best when they are finished by all. Open correspondence is significant and takes into consideration a simpler change from school to home and home to class. For two understudies in my study hall we send home a â€Å"Have a Good Day Chart† which gives guardians a gander at their kid's general practices just as their advancement for the duration of the day. This encourages us to perceive what time of day might be all the more testing or if a specific subject causes undesirable practices. On the off chance that the understudy is taking drugs it can follow the hour of day practices are happening and can help when guardians talk with their kid's primary care physician. Mediation administrations are fundamental to helping an understudy succeed. These suppliers assess from an alternate point of view and can offer extra procedures for guardians and instructors The best approach to accomplish the best result is for all parental figures to build up an arrangement that incorporates systems that are both proactive and responsive. Empowering the attractive practices and tending to bothersome activities help to show self guideline. Following and recording information show development and upgrades. This assists everybody with recognizing the systems that work and where changes are required as the youngster develops. These systems ought to be investigated and talked about by everybody executing them. This is particularly significant for youngsters in center school or secondary school where there are numerous educators working with the understudies every day. Predictable and clear rules can assist understudies with ADHD be effective and arrive at their maximum capacity. Consideration Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Wolraich and Baumgaertel in â€Å"The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Based on the New DSM-IV Criteria† (1996) see that ADHD is â€Å"the most normal mental issue in children† (p. 168). From a parent’s point of view, ADHD is a disturbing issue dreaded because of its antagonistic impacts on the conduct of youngsters. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) further notes that the side effects for the turmoil â€Å"are generally very much created by school age† kids and are likewise â€Å"most unmistakably and reliably saw in the school and study hall environment† (p. 170).For the parent, ADHD is a confusion that ought to be given exacting thought as it might extraordinarily influence their child’s school execution and by and large mental turn of events. The article gives a nitty gritty record of the historical backdrop of ADHD, reliably refering to prior looks into directed in analyzing the turmoil. The article likewise stresse s the past rules in deciding the confusion. Generally, Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) contend that DSM-IV as another models for the predominance of ADHD.In their examination, the creators acquired instructors who will top off a conduct rating scale for their understudies. Kids from kindergarten to fifth grade in a center Tennessee region took part in a second report under a similar research. Also, the surveys utilized in the exploration comprised of an altered instructor rating scale so as to fit the DSM-IV. In the examinations, a primary segment factor investigation with varimax revolution was utilized. Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) discovered similitudes among the examinations and that ADHD is without a doubt a predominant issue among school children.With DSM-IV as the new models, the scientists affirm that the extent of ADHD is more common than we may definitely know. From the point of view of the parent, it can scarcely be precluded that the practices from claiming their youn gsters may reflect manifestations of ADHD somehow. By taking note of the exploration discoveries of Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996), guardians may before long understand that their youngsters may have ADHD or show indications of the confusion. It might cause a purpose behind caution which can at last outcome to an expansion in the endeavors of guardians to continually screen their children’s conduct both at home and in school.I have discovered that ADHD is to be sure a genuine issue since it is predominant among kids who, in their young age, are still nearly learning numerous things which are fundamental to one’s life. On the off chance that that is the situation, ADHD represents a danger on the more youthful age of students which ought to be an adequate explanation behind the learning organizations and key officials to survey the school administrations being given and to make estimates which will address the manifestations of the turmoil showed by youthful students wi th ADHD. Without question, my viewpoint towards ADHD and the individuals who have it has changed.The commonness of ADHD among kids instructed me that the turmoil is certifiably not a basic issue which has an instant arrangement. Since the confusion is basically established in the human cerebrum, one’s disposition towards youngsters with ADHD ought not be in a brutal manner. Figuring out how to treat kids with the confusion with deference and comprehension is an unquestionable requirement. On the off chance that the realities introduced by Wolraich and Baumgaertel (1996) are not convincing enough, I can't think about some other convincing power to make individuals reexamine their perspectives towards individuals with ADHD.In case one may ponder, the exploration done by the writers of the article is a dependable research basically in light of the fact that the writers have precisely and unbiasedly gave their discoveries no respect to individual predisposition. All the more sign ificantly, the creators have the power and academic records to back-up their endeavors in the examination. For one, Mark Wolraich is the Child Development Center’s chief just as a Professor of Pediatrics in Vanderbilt University Medical Center.On the other hand, Anna Baumgaertel is an Assistant Professor of Pe

Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability. Answer: Presentation The current simple report centers around giving the connection between the imbalance and divination allegations among the individuals of Sylhet Bangladesh. The connection between the divination allegations alongside the social change is viewed as one of the significant impacts of strict conviction among the individuals of the general public. These has one viewed as one of the significant issue that is looked by the individuals of the cutting edge society and is additionally accepted to be one of the significant difficulties of globalization. The paper is about the article 'What else do we Bengalis do?' Sorcery, abroad movement, and the new disparities in Sylhet, Bangladesh , which is composed by Alyson Callan of London. This article was distributed in the year 2007, which means to concentrate on giving subtleties of the magic and strange notion conviction that exist inside the individuals of the Sylhet society. The article likewise examine about the disparity that exists inside the individuals of the general public, which made the ladies face battle and badgering inside the general public. The contention against the magic practice is being depicted in the paper. The examination for the exploration work was finished utilizing subjective research technique and the picked populace for the investigation incorporates the nearby individuals of Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The scientist conveyed the examination for time of 10 years and has utilized the essential structure information assortment that is gathered from the straigh tforwardly speaking with the individuals of Sylhet region of Bangladesh (Callan, 2007). Hypotheses of Anthropology The hypotheses of Anthropology are expected to portray the social convictions of the individuals of certain region, inside a specific timeframe. The social imbalance among the individuals of Sylhet region of Bangladesh has forestalled the impacts of globalization. The worldwide private enterprise is one of the principle hypotheses applicable to the Anthropology, which is accepted to be the reason for disparity among the general public of Bangladesh. The individuals from the third world creating nation, who relocates toward the Western countries likewise needs to confront the impact of imbalance inside the general public. The ladies in the general public are likewise the survivor of disparity. The general public of Bangladesh has been rehearsing the propensity for magic for fix of illness. This witchcraft has been one of the fundamental driver of disparity in the Sylhet of Bangladesh. From different social orders all over the world magic has been one of the significant reasons for disadvantages and disparity (Bernard Gravlee, 2014). Anyway the utilization of magic doesn't speak to the total image of the general public of Bangladesh. The use of witchcraft inside the general public is viewed as a Taboo that is for the most part utilized in relieving of illnesses. Diverse religion inside the network of Bangladesh has distinctive assessment about the utilization of divination. For instance in Muslim people group divination is accepted to be deserving of death as indicated by their God. Then again for some other religion witchcraft is accepted to be the endowments of God. The Supernatural conviction has been one of the most well-known and successful ways that is rehearsed among a few in reverse class social orders the whole way across the world. The Global disparity among the individuals of a network is viewed as one of the significant explanations behind clash. Worldwide private enterprise is viewed as one of the principle explanations behind social disparity that exist inside the individuals of different networks. The Global private enterprise is one of the significant kinds of free enterprise that is a piece of the 21st century. During the time spent globalizing the world economy in the mid twentieth century, free enterprise turned into a significant piece of each general public on the planet. As of late Global private enterprise has 5 significant attributes. The creation framework, connection among capital and work and the monetary framework is all control by the standards of worldwide free enterprise. The approaches of worldwide creation and Finance have been chairman and are viewed as one of the change of condition of cutting edge society. The test of world economy has been considered as one of the significant disadvantages of cutting edge Global private enterprise which is additionally answerable for making imbalance inside monetary a nd budgetary capacity of people (Crane Matten, 2016). Basic outline of the Chosen Text The picked article talks about the disparities that exist in the general public of Sylhet region of Bangladesh because of divination and abroad movement. The article was composed after a field work that is done in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh from a time of 1999 and 2005. Being one of the underdeveloped nation the greater part of the Bangladeshi is travel to Western nations like UK for better monetary chance. It has been seen that 5% of the all out Britain's populace comprised of workers from Bangladesh. This is one of the significant reasons for disparity among the individuals of Bangladesh as a large portion of the individuals don't get equivalent chance to make monetary and budgetary improvement of the life. The utilization of black magic and divination is likewise one of the significant purposes behind downsides of Bangladeshi society. Numerous individuals all over the Bangladesh has solid conviction and confidence in magic type of treatment that has no major logical proof and is completely founded on offbeat conviction. The Sorcerer is rehearsed inside the networks of Bangladesh by numerous individuals so as to make hurt each other. There are numerous offbeat convictions inside the network where individuals thinks giving pessimistic comments to each other can be dangerous and furthermore cause mischief to others. Individuals likewise utilize enchanted spells to hurt the culprits. In addition, individuals across various religion have characterized top Indians about the utilization of black magic and magic. Despite the cutting edge type of globalization most recent type of Science and Technology heavenly force is accepted to be one of the significant pieces of the general public of Bangladeshi. All things considered the presentation of current treatment and clinical procedures has killed the prevalence of magic and black magic. Be that as it may, inside the Sylhet people group, the individuals will not acknowledge the advanced treatment strategies as they have solid confidence their own conventional t ype of treatment. The individuals likewise dread that utilization of present day clinical strategies can make hurt their own wistful and strict conviction. There include been a few cases inside the general public why individuals would not take treatment from specialists and expert Healthcare specialists. The reactions that are related with the advanced clinical methods of treatment have likewise caused additional dread inside the standard network. There are numerous individuals all over Bangladesh, who despite everything practice this customary and witchcraft type of treatment. There are even a few cases, where the individuals exploit feeble individuals, so as to rehearse out of line methods for clinical treatment. These phony individuals have colossal compelling force on the others of network as they shakedown individuals for the sake of the ruler and otherworldly force. They are odd even situation where numerous Agencies have been discovered where individuals normally practice ill icit and strange type of treatment. Disregarding the cutting edge headway of the general public the act of black magic and divination has been a significant piece of the general public of Bangladesh. Ladies of Bangladeshi society have additionally been a casualty of imbalance that exists because of some conventional customary convictions. There are numerous customary convictions which limit a wedded lady to have total opportunity of their own life and furthermore get full help from their family. Henceforth the monetary and money related state of the lady in the Bangladeshi society are exceptionally undermined because of the social disgrace and odd conviction the individuals, who are additionally ready to go to abroad and make due with better possibility and vocation likewise face provocation because of disparity. Because of the distinction in the way of life numerous individuals can't alter with the way of life of the Western culture. The utilization of divination has thrived in the Sylhet society because of the imbalances and absence of mindfulness among the individuals. The use of magic is likewise forestalled the individuals of Sylhet society to get profit by the impact of globalization. The individuals who have moved in the remote nations have additionally felt the impact of imbalance. The conventional strict conviction among the individuals of the general public of Sylhet is accepted to be the fundamental driver of use of witchcraft. The lady inside the general public has likewise been the casualty of imbalance that was caused because of utilization of magic. The ladies, whose spouse live in the outside nation additionally has not had the option to modify inside the general public. End The act of divination and black magic inside the general public of Bangladesh has been a significant effect that has forestalled modernization and furthermore the constructive outcomes of globalization inside the country. Because of the impact of worldwide free enterprise disparity has brought up in the general public of Bangladesh. High pace of movement to Overseas Nation is additionally viewed as one of the principle explanations behind imbalance that exist inside the general public. The lady over all pieces of the general public has likewise been a casualty of disparity. They need to confront colossal test from all pieces of the general public before odd significantly after marriage. For instance the child's significant other in the place of parents in law faces immense test so as to change with the family because of absence of help. The act of magic and unreasonable types of treatment has become a well known piece of Bangladeshi society. Hans numerous patients and the individuals of Bangladesh are denied to benefit the advanced type of Medical Technology. The pertinent hypothesis of humanities can be applied inside the general public so as to improve the personal satisfaction of the individuals. Reference Bernard, H. R., Gravlee, C. C. (Eds.). (2014).Handbook of techniques in social humanities. Rowman Littlefield. Callan, A. (2007). What else do we Bengalis do

Choose SIPA for the United Nations Studies Working Group, says Camilo Lizarralde, MIA 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Choose SIPA for the United Nations Studies Working Group, says Camilo Lizarralde, MIA 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Everyone here at the Admissions Office knows that many of our newly-admitted students are still torn between enrolling at SIPA or  another public policy program this upcoming fall. With enrollment deadlines looming, I wanted to share with you a post by one of our Admissions Ambassadors, Camilo Lizarralde. Camilo, MIA 15,  is in the  International Security Policy concentration and United Nations specialization. Since many of you are interested in SIPAs ties with the United Nations, I thought Camilos story was  pertinent  to share. As one of the first UN Studies specializers, he has a lot of passion for SIPA and its connection to the United Nations. Heres why Camilo  chose SIPA. [Photo Courtesy of Camilo Lizarralde] UNSWG 2014 co-presidents at the United Nations.There were many reasons I decided to enroll at SIPAsuch as location (having lived in NYC for 10+ years) and  the variety of class offerings and events that the school offersbut personally, I thought the diversity of the student population and the close ties that the school has with the United Nations were the reasons that made me decide to go for SIPA. Nearly two years later,  I can attest that SIPA did indeed live up to my diversity and UN-related expectations. Back in September 2013, during my first month at SIPA, I began meeting a lot of students from many countries, backgrounds and cultures. It was great to hear about their different perspectives and personal and professional backgrounds. We (the Class of 2015) were all eager to meet everyone else during our first few weeks at SIPA. Advice: For the too soon-to-be Seeples: Be open to talking to everyone and make an effort to talk to as many people as you can during your first weeks of school. It will change soon after as school work increases and everyone establishes their close circle of friends. I ended up making friends with other students who were also interested in learning more about the UN. We became very close after going through the process of being newbies and learning how to navigate the system. My first semester went by really fast, perhaps because of the excitement of being at SIPA and the many new experiences I had. Advice: In addition to your school work, try to get involved in other activities such as social events and outings as much as you can. It will be overwhelming since school work is heavy and you are getting used to the system, but those months are key for establishing connections with other students. During your second year, your mindset may change to focus on what’s next, i.e. job hunting. At the end of my first semester, elections were announced for first-year students to become the next board members of SIPA’s student-led organizations. Since many of my friends were also interested in the UN, a few of us decided to run for the different board positions of the United Nations Studies Working Group (UNSWG). I decided to run for co-president and was lucky to win the elections! [Photo Courtesy of Camilo Lizarralde] The newly-elected 2014 UNSWG Board.At the start our second semester, we took over  the organization,  and now that I reflect back, it was a great experience. Not only because it gave me the opportunity to meet more Seeples interested in UN-related events, but also because it gave me a leadership position with the responsibility to keep the group visible at SIPA. Additionally, we had the responsibility to keep the ties to the UN and strengthen that SIPA-UN bridge. The members of the group, dubbed “UNSWGers,” had different interestssuch as international security, human rights, economic and political development or environmental issuesso  it was challenging to keep all members of the group interested and involved. Looking back, (and based on the positive feedback received from students, faculty, alumni and UN staff) all who participated in panels, discussions, brown bag lunches, seminars and outings, we are pleased to have had such an active student group. Thus, for  future Seeples, my advice is to get involved as much as you can during your first year to fully immerse in the SIPA experience. Being part of a student group, as a board member or as an active member, will make your experience more enjoyable. I guarantee you will have the opportunity to listen to new perspectives of issues you may already know about, and you will be able to bring your own perspective to the conversation  as well. As a co-president and leader of UNSWG, I established many connections at SIPA. It also provided me with opportunities to establish seamless connections with SIPA professors and SIPA alumni (some who now work at the UN), and it even opened doors with UN staff who  attended our UNSWG events as panelists or lecturers. The overall experience was very rewarding  (I  met and talked to high-level diplomats like Kofi Annan) and I  established  true friendships with fellow Seeples. A year later, in December 2014, we left the board pleased and proud of our accomplishments; specifically  the legacy that we left behind. We worked with SIPA students, faculty and leadership to make the former UN Studies track  a specialization, which was approved by the Dean and institutionalized within the last year,  giving the opportunity to future Seeples to take UN Studies as a specialization. And I am happy to be one of the first UN specializers! *** Join Camilo  Lizarralde as both a Seeple and future UNSWGer  by accepting your admission offer today. If you received a SIPA fellowship/scholarship, the deadline to accept your offer is April 15, 2015; all other applicants have until May 1, 2015 to respond to their offer.

The Importance Of Being Earnest And Giovannis Room Analysis

In the play, The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde and the novel Giovanni’s Room written by James Baldwin both address the topic of bunburying. Bunburying is a way in which people use something as an excuse to get out of something like a social obligation or civil duty. In The Importance of Being Earnest a majority of the characters use bunburying to get out of a commitment. In the novel, Giovanni’s Room the main character David demonstrates bunburying when he flees to Paris from the United States. David bunburies his way out of the United States for a variety of different reasons. One of the reasons why I believe David exhibits bunburying is because he feels ashamed for falling in love with a man. This could be†¦show more content†¦Using Hella as an alibi was a perfect way for David to prove to the world his true masculinity. Another reason why David bunburies his way out of The United Sates and flees to Paris is because of his father. David does not want his father to know that he is gay whatsoever. For example, David Says, â€Å"Then I thought of my father, who had no one in the world but me...† (Baldwin 9). David feels that him being gay would be an enormous burden to his father because they have already been through a lot with his mother passing away at a young age, and since David’s father raised him himself he does not want his dad to think that it was his fault that he was interested in the same sex. David says, â€Å"What passed between us as masculine candor exhausted and appalled me† (Baldwin 17). David is referring to the fact that his father thinks their relationship is very open and that is what scares David because his father does not even know who he truly is. Another of example of why David’s relationship with his father is a reason why he flees the US is becaus e David starts to realize that he is actually turning into his father because of the way that David drinks. David says, â€Å"Soon it was I who came home staggering home late at night, it was I who found Ellen waiting up for me...† (Baldwin 16). David is suggesting that it was no longer just his dad coming home drunk at night, it was now him. The only way that David seemed to

Administrative Segregation And Its Effect On The Workplace

Over the past several years there has been a dramatic increase in Administrative Segregation, which many inmates call Ad. Seg. Administrative Segregation is a distinctive area where violent inmates are sent. Solitary Confinement is another name for this area where inmates who violated rules, are seemed as a threat to others or themselves are housed. Each cell holds a single person in which the inmates reside 23 hours a day and are allowed out for one hour to exercise in a 6X10 cage. Administrative Segregation strips inmates from the little privileges they do have while locked behind bars. Many consider Administrative Segregation as a prison within a prison for inmates who act out of order. The time table for inmates who serve time under solitary confinement is based upon the severity of the violation, sentences can range from a few days, to a few months and in some cases time over a year. One of the main reasons for psychological disorder in inmates can be associated with the circu mstances in which they are held, chiefly, it tends to be worse for inmates who are held for prolonged periods of time in Administrative Segregation. Inmates as well their loved ones are currently making efforts in bringing light to the situation. In doing so they hope to draw attention from American society and government official’s conscious of the inhumaneness of Ag. Seg in regards to U.S. correctional facilities. This paper will not only discuss why inmates should not be placed inShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Barrier Of Barrier721 Words   |  3 Pagesprevent the leak from develop into a major accident (typically by segregation of equipment, the segregation shall preferably be by distance). †¢ Minimize: Reducing the amount of hazardous material present at any one time, e.g. by using smaller batches. †¢ Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less hazard, e.g. cleaning with water and detergent rather than a flammable solvent †¢ Moderate: Reducing the strength of an effect, e.g. having a cold liquid instead of a gas at high pressure, orRead MoreThe American With Disabilities Act998 Words   |  4 Pages(ADA) defines disability as â€Å"a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual†. There are many different perspectives of what the term disability means from an administrative, clinical, or academic research perspective. 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More women are working outside the home and their earnings are important to the well-being of their families. What are the effect on their families, careers and equal wages? The days of mom staying at home full-time are long gone for most families. More women are their family’s breadwinners than ever before. Heather Boushey in The New Breadwinners, states â€Å"Women are more likely

Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks Free Essays

A Banker on whom a cheque is drawn should pay the cheque when it is presented for payment. * This cheque paying function is a distinguished one of a banker. * This obligation has been imposed on him by sec. We will write a custom essay sample on Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks or any similar topic only for you Order Now 31 of the N. I Act, 1881. * A banker is bound to honour his customer’s cheque, to the extent of the funds available and the existence of no legal bar to payment. Again, for making payment the cheque must be in order and it must be duly presented for payment at the branch where the account is kept. * The paying banker should use reasonable care and diligence in paying a cheque, so as to abstain from any action likely to damage his customer’s credit. * If the paying banker wrongfully dishonours a cheque, he will be asked to pay heavy damages. * At the same time, if he makes payment in a hurry, even when there is sufficient balance, the banker will not be allowed to debit the customer’s account. If he does so, it will amount to sanctioning of overdraft without prior arrangement, and later on, the customer can claim it as precedent and compel the banker to pay cheque in the absence of sufficient balance. His position is very precarious and is in between the devil and the deep sea. PRECAUTIONS BEFORE HONORING A CHEQUE In order to safeguard his position, the paying banker has to observe the following precautions before honouring a cheque. Presentation of The Cheque (a) Type of the cheque: Before honouring a cheque, he must find out the type to which it belongs. Cheques may generally be of two types- open or crossed. If it is an open one, the payment may be made at the counter. If it is crossed, the payment must be made only to fellow banker. If it is specially crossed, the payment must be specifically made to that banker in whose favour it has been crossed. If there are ‘A/C Payee’ and ‘Not Negotiable’ crossings the paying banker need not worry, as they are the directions only to the collecting banker. If the paying banker pays a cheque contrary to the crossing, he is liable to the drawer. Therefore, he must pay special attention to the type of a cheque. b) Branch: The Paying banker should see whether the cheque is drawn on the branch where the account is kept. If it is drawn on another branch, without any prior arrangement, the banker can safely return the cheque. (c) Account: Even in the same branch, a customer might have opened two or more accounts. Hence, the paying banker should see that the cheque of one acco unt is not used for withdrawing money from another account. (d) Banking hours: The paying banker should also note whether the cheque is presented during the banking hours on a business day. Payment outside the banking hours does not amount to payment in due course. e) Mutilation: If a cheque is torn into pieces or cancelled or mutilated, then, the paying banker should not honour it. He should return the cheque for the drawer’s confirmation. In a case cheque is torn accidentally, the drawer must confirm it by writing such words as ‘Accidentally torn by me’ and affixing his full signature. A cheque torn into two or more pieces is generally returned with a remark ‘Mutilated’. Form of cheque: Printed form: The cheque must be in proper form. It must satisfy all the requirements of law. The customers should draw cheques only on the printed leaves supplied by the bankers. Unconditional order: The cheque should not contain any condition. If it is a conditional one, the paying banker’s position will become critical and he may not honour it. Date: Before honouring a cheque, the bank must see whether there is a date on the instrument. If it is undated, it cannot be regarded as a valid instrument. If a cheque is ante- dated, it may be paid if it has not become stale by that time. A cheque, which is presented after six months, from the date of its issue, is a stale one. If a cheque is post- dated, he should honour it only on its due date. Amount: The next important precaution is that the banker should see whether the amount stated in the cheque, both in words and figures, agree with each other. If the amount is stated only in figures, the banker should return it with a remark ’Amount required to be stated in words’. However if the amount stated only in words, the banker may honour it. Supposing , there is a difference in the amount stated in words and figures, then the banker can take any one of the following courses available to him: i) He can dishonour the cheque with a memorandum ‘words and figures differ’ or i)He can honour the amount stated in words According to Sec. 18 of the N. I. Act, if the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid is stated differently in figures and words, the amount stated in words shall be the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid. ’ However in practice, if the difference is insignificant, payment is sometimes made. But usually the paying banker returns t he cheque under such circumstances, since there is an audit objection to the practice of honouring such cheques. III. Sufficient balance: There must be sufficient balance to meet the cheque. If the funds available are not sufficient to honour a cheque, the paying banker is justified in returning it. So, before honouring a cheque, he must check up the present state of his customers account. IV. Signature of the drawer: The next important duty of a paying banker is to compare the signature of his customer found on the cheque with that of his specimen signature. If he fails to do so and if he pays a cheque , which contains a forged signature of the drawer, then, the payment will not amount to payment in due course. Hence, he can not claim protection under Sec. 85 of the N. I. Act. If the signature has been too skillfully forged for the banker to find it out, even then the banker is liable. However, if the customer facilitates the forgery of his signature by his conduct, then, the banker will be relieved from his liability. Legal bar: The existence of legal bar like Garnishee Order limits the duty of the banker to pay a cheque. Garnishee order refers to the order issued by a court attaching the funds of the judgment debtor (i. e. , the customer) in the hands of a third party (i. e. , the banker). The term ‘Garnishee’ refers to the person who has been served with the order. This Garnishee proceedings comprise of two steps. As a first step ‘Garnishee Order Nisi’ will be issued. ‘Nisi’ means ‘unless’. In other words, this order gives an opportunity to the banker to prove that this order could not be enforced. If the banker does not make any counterclaim, this order becomes absolute one. This ‘garnishee Order absolute’ actually attaches the account of the customer. If it attaches the whole amount of a customer’s account, then, the banker must dishonour the cheque drawn by that customer. He can honour his cheques to the extent of the amount that is not garnished. Endorsement: Before honouring a cheque, the banker must verify the regularity of endorsement, if any, that appears on the instrument. It is more so in the case of an order cheque, which requires an endorsement before its delivery. For instance, if there is per pro endorsement, the banker must find out the existence of authority. Failure to do so constitutes negligence on the part of the paying banker. Per pro endorsement is an endorsement made by an authorized agent. Prior information about the delegation of authority to the agent must have been given to the banker. Otherwise, a banker is not legally bound to accept this type of endorsement. CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A CHEQUE CAN BE DISHONORED Countermanding: Countermanding is the instruction given by the customer of a bank requesting the bank not to honour a particular cheque issued by him. When such an order is received, the banker must refuse to pay the cheque. If a customer informs by telephone or telegram regarding the stopping payment of a cheque, the banker should diplomatically delay the payment, till written instructions are received. If the situation is very critical, he can return the cheque by giving a suitable answer like ’payment countermanded by telephone and postponed pending confirmation. Therefore, countermanding instructions, once received, must be kept as a constant record. A ‘stopped payment’ register may be maintained for ready reference. Upon the receipt of notice of death of a customer: When a banker receives written information from an authoritative source, (preferably from the nearest relatives) regarding the death of a parti cular customer, he should not honour any cheque drawn by that deceased customer. If the banker is unaware of the death of a customer, he may honour the cheque drawn by him. Death puts an automatic end to the contractual relationship between a banker and his customer. Upon the receipt of notice of insolvency: Once a banker has knowledge of the insolvency of a customer, he must refuse to pay cheques drawn by him. Upon the receipt of notice of insanity: Where a banker receives notice of a customer’s insanity, he is justified in refusing payment of the cheque drawn by him. The banker should make a careful note, when the lunacy order is received. It is advisable that the banker should act upon a definite proof of the customer’s insanity like a doctor’s certificate, a court order etc. Upon the receipt of notice of assignment: The bank balance of a customer constitutes an asset and it can be assigned to any person by giving a letter of assignment to the banker. Once an assignment has been made, the assignor has no legal rights over the bank balance and therefore, if any cheque is drawn by him, the banker should refuse to honour it. When a breach of trust is intended: In the case of a trust account, mere knowledge of the customer’s intention to use the trust funds for his personal use, is a sufficient reason to dishonour his cheque. Defective title: If a person who brings a cheque for payment has no title or his title is defective, the banker should refuse to honour the cheque presented by him. For instance, a person who brings a cheque, which has been countermanded or which has been forged, has no title to it. Statutory Protection to a Paying Banker: Supposing, a paying banker pays a cheque, which bears a forged signature of the payee or endorsee, he is liable to the true owner of the cheque. But, it is quite unjustifiable to make the banker responsible for such errors. It is so because; he is not expected to know the signature of the payee or the endorsee. Therefore, law relieves the paying banker from his liability to the true owner in such cases. This relief is known as ‘statutory protection. ’ To claim protection under Sec. 85 of the N. I. Act, 1881, the banker should have fulfilled the following conditions: * He should have paid an order cheque. * Such a cheque should have been endorsed by the payee or his order. * It should have been paid in due course. PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE The cheque should have been paid in due course as per Sec. 0 of the N. I. Act. This concept of payment in due course has three essential features: (I) Apparent tenor of the instrument: To avail of the statutory protection, the payment should have been made according to the apparent tenor of the instrument. The apparent tenor refers to the intention of the parties, as it is evident from the face of the instrument. Example: If a drawer draws a cheque with a post –date, his intention is to make payment only after a certain date. If it is paid before the due date, this payment does not amount to payment in due course. So also, the payment of a countermanded cheque does not amount to payment in due course. (ii) Payment in good faith and without negligence: Good faith forms the basis of all banking transactions. As regards negligence, the banker may sometimes be careless in his duties, which constitutes an act of negligence. If negligence is proved, the banker will loss the statutory protection given under Sec. 85. Example: * Payment of a crossed cheque over the counter. * Payment of a post-dated cheque before maturity. * Failure to verify the regularity of an endorsement. iii)Payment to a person who is entitled to receive payment: The banker must see that the person, who presents the cheque, is in possession of the instrument and he is entitled to receive the amount of the cheque. Protection to a bearer cheque: Now this protection has been extended to bearer cheques also under sec. 85(2). If a bearer cheque is paid in due course, the banker is entitled to get protection. Statutory Protection in the case of a Materially Altered Cheque: A paying banker cannot normally claim any statutory protection for a materially altered cheque. However; Sec. 89of the Negotiable instrument Act. Gives protection in the case of a materially altered cheque provided, (1) He is liable to pay, (2)Such an alteration is not apparent and, (3) The banker has made the payment in due course. Recovery of Money Paid by Mistake: Under the following circumstances, money wrongly paid can be recovered:- (i)Money received mala fide is recoverable: When a person receives money by mistake in bad faith, knowing that he is not entitled to receive that money, then, the banker is entitled to recover the same. (ii) Money paid under a mistake of fact is recoverable: For instance, a banker pays money to X, thinking that he is Y. This is a mistake of fact regarding the identity of the parties. Y is under a legal duty to pay the money back to the banker. COLLECTING BANKER A collecting banker is one who undertakes to collect the amount of a cheque for his customer from the paying banker. In collecting a cheque, the banker can act in two capacities namely (1) as a holder for value, and (2) as an agent for collection. The banker would be as a holder for value: (a) If he allows his customers to withdraw money before cheques paid in for collection are actually collected and credited. b) If any open cheque is accepted and the value is paid before collection, and (c) If there is a reduction in the overdraft account of the customer before the cheque is collected and credited in the respective account. In all these cases, the banker acquires a personal interest. A Banker as an agent: In practice, no banker credits a customer account even before a cheque is collected. He collects a cheque on behalf of a customer. So, he cannot acquire any of the rights of a holder for value. He has to act only as an agent of the customer. Duties of A Collecting Banker: i) Exercise reasonable care and diligence in his collection work: When a banker collects a cheque for his customer, he acts only as an agent of the customer. He should exercise reasonable care, diligence and skill in collection work. (ii) Present the cheque for collection without any delay: The banker must present the cheque for payment without any delay. If there is delay in presentment, the customer may suffer losses due to the insolvency of the drawer or insufficiency of funds in the account of the drawer or insolvency of the banker himself. In all such cases, the banker should bear the loss. iii) Notice to customer in the case of dishonour of a cheque: The N. I. Act has prescribed a reasonable time for giving the notice of dishonour. If he fails to do so, and consequently, any loss arises to the customer, the banker has to bear the loss. (iv) Pr esent the bill for acceptance at an early date: As per sec. 61 of the N. I. Act, a bill of exchange must be accepted. If a banker undertakes to collect bills, it is his duty to present them for acceptance at an early date. (v) Present the bill for payment: The banker should present the bills for payment in proper time and at proper place. If he fails to do so and if any loss occurs to the customer, then, the banker will be liable. According to Sec. 66 of N. I. Act a bill must be presented for payment on maturity. (vi) Protest and note a foreign bill for non-acceptance: In case of dishonour of a bill by non-acceptance or non-payment, it is the duty of the collecting banker to inform the customer immediately. Generally he returns the bill to the customer. In the absence of specific instructions, collecting bankers do not get the inland bills noted and protested for dishonour. If the bill in question happens to be a foreign bill, the banker should have it protested and noted by a notary public and then forwarded it to the customer. Statutory Protection to the collecting Banker: According to sec. 131 of the N. I. Act, statutory protection is available to the collecting Banker in the following cases: (i)Crossed cheques only: a collecting banker only for crossed cheques can claim statutory protection. It is so because, in the case of an open cheque, it is not absolutely necessary for a person to seek the service of a bank. ii) Collections on behalf of customers as an agent: a banker only can claim the above protection for those cheques collected by him as agent of his customers. iii) In good faith and without negligence: In order to get the protection under this section, a collecting banker must act in good faith and without negligence. Matter of negligence is of great importance. Basis of negligence: When a collecting banker wants to claim protection under S ec. 131, he has the burden of proving that he has acted without negligence. Gross negligence: If a banker is completely careless in collecting a cheque, then, he will be held liable under the ground of ‘gross negligence. ’ Examples: Collecting a cheque crossed ‘A/C payee’ for other than the payee’s account: Account payee crossing is a direction to the collecting banker. If he collects a cheque crossed ’A/C payee’ for any person other than the payee, then, this fact will be proved as an evidence of gross negligence. FAILURE TO VERIFY THE CORRECTNESS OF ENDORSEMENT If a banker omits to verify the correctness of endorsements on cheques payable to order, he will be deprived of the statutory protection. i)Failure to verify the existence of authority in the case of per pro signatures: If a collecting banker fails to verify the existence of authority in the case of per pro signatures, if any, will be proved as an evidence of gross negligence. (ii) Negligence connected with the immediate collection: If, on the face of a cheque, there is a warning that there is misappropriation of money, the collecting banker should make some reasonable enquiry and only after getting some satisfactory explanations, he can proceed to collect cheques. Examples: * Collecting a cheque drawn against the principal’s A/c, to the private A/c of the agent without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the firm to the private A/c of a partner without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the company to the private account of a director or any other officer without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the employer to the private account of the employee would constitute negligence under sec. 131 of the N. I. Act. * Collecting a cheque payable to the trustee, to the private account of the person operating the trust account is another instance of negligence of a banker. iii) Negligence under Remote Grounds: Normally, we cannot expect a banker to be liable under certain circumstances. But, the bankers have been held negligent under those situations, which are branded as ‘remote grounds. ’ Examples: * Omission to obtain a letter of introduction from a new customer causes negligence. * Failure to enquire into the source of supply of large funds into an account, which has been kept in a poor condition for a long time, constitutes negligence. How to cite Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks, Essay examples

Social Studies New France Part 1 Question #5 Defend Or Refute The St

Social Studies: New France Part 1 Question #5: Defend or refute the statement: "Trapping should be illegal-then and now" Trapping is a very important issue, which is connected to many other larger issues. For instance, trapping lies at the heart of the First Nation's distinct society issue. Before I talk about the present, however, I would like to discuss whether trapping should have been illegal when Canada was first being settled in the 17th and 18th centuries. When the first explorers came to the new world, it was regarded as a huge slab of worthless rock standing between Europe and the riches of the Orient. The only reason these explorers even explored this continent was the hope of finding the North-West passage, a route to the Orient. Fortunately, while searching for this North-West passage, some of these explorers stumbled onto a virtual magnet for settlement: The Fur Trade. When people heard how pelts of all kinds could be obtained so easily and sold for so much, the idea of not settling in the new world was ridiculous. Suddenly settlers came to this "slab of worthless rock" and tried to set up permanent living there. Even after a few failed attempts the draw of the fur trade was responsible for the settlement we call New France. After the first steps toward a permanent colony in the new world were made, the next steps came in leaps and bounds. The French government was sending everyone they could to settle in New France. Courieurs de Bois, began coming to the colony to trap furs and sell them back in France. France granted land to poor people that were willing to risk the great voyage. The colony flourished, and grew. It was the fur trade that was mostly responsible for this colony. However, some think that by this point the colony was large enough to illegalize fur trapping and still remain a profitable colony for France. However, there is one major reason that fur trading should have been allowed: Relations with the Indians. Relations with the India ns were shaky, at best. Some Indians befriended the French, and some befriended the English. Some just gave their furs to the highest bidder. The relationship with the Indians was more than just a trade agreement. The wars of the Indians were the wars of the French. Now, imagine what would happen if one day, an Indian came to a Frenchman and offered him a pelt. The Frenchman tells the Indian that not only will he not buy it, but no Frenchman in New France will. Not only that, trapping furs in the forests belonging to the French was not allowed. The relationships with the Indians which had taken so long to establish would be shattered in days. The Indians would probably recognize the French as their enemies. Now not only the enemies of the Indian "friends" of the French would attack them, but also their "friends". Settlers would again become afraid to come to New France because of the fierce Indian attacks. The French colony in New France would cease to exist. Therefore, I think trap ping should have been legal then. Now that I have talked about fur trapping then, I'll talk about it now. Unfortunately, it is much more complicated now. Animal rights activists have told us that it is wrong to kill an animal for its fur. I strongly agree with this opinion, especially since man-made fur is so accessible. Unfortunately, there are people who feel they deserve real fur if they can pay for it. Although I disagree with them, you cannot just deny them the fur, because one way or another they will arrange to get it. Even so, trapping (for fur) should be illegal. If you want real fur, you should not kill wild animals. You should go to a farm where animals are raised for their fur. The problem of people wanting real fur is small compared to other problems for and against the fur trade. For instance, if we illegalize trapping, the First Nation's way of life would be totally disrupted. Not letting the First Nation trap is like taking away a large profession from us, for instan ce law. What would

Prime Minister Joe Clark Biography

Prime Minister Joe Clark Biography At the age of 39, Joe Clark became the youngest Prime Minister of Canada in 1979. A fiscal conservative, Joe Clark, and his minority government were defeated after just nine months in power on a non-confidence motion on a budget of tax increases and program cuts. After losing the 1980 election, Joe Clark stayed on as Leader of the Opposition. When Brian Mulroney took over as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1983 and then Prime Minister in 1984, Joe Clark continued as an effective Minister of External Relations and Minister for Constitutional Affairs. Joe Clark left politics in 1993 to work as an international business consultant, but returned as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party from 1998 to 2003. Prime Minister of Canada:Â  1979-80Birth:Â  June 5, 1939, in High River, AlbertaEducation:Â  BA - Political Science - University of Alberta, MA - Political Science - University of AlbertaProfessions:Â  Professor and international business consultantPolitical Affiliation:Â  Progressive ConservativeRidings (Electoral Districts):Â  Rocky Mountain 1972-79, Yellowhead 1979-93, Kings-Hants 2000, Calgary Centre 2000-04 Political Career of Joe Clark Joe Clark began his political career as Director of Organization for the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party from 1966 to 1967. He was Special Assistant to a Conservative member of parliament Davie Fulton in 1967. He served as Executive Assistant to a Conservative member of parliament Robert Stanfield from 1967 to 1970. Joe Clark was first elected to the House of Commons in 1972. He was elected as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1976 and was Leader of the Opposition until 1979. Joe Clark was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada after the 1979 general election. The Conservative government was defeated in 1980. Joe Clark was again Leader of the Opposition from 1890 to 1983. Joe Clark called a Progressive Conservative Party leadership convention and lost the party leadership to Brian Mulroney in 1983. In the Mulroney government, Joe Clark served as Minister of External Affairs from 1984 to 1991. He was President of the Privy Council and Minister Responsible for Constitutional Affairs from 1991 to 1993. Joe Clark did not run in the 1993 general election. Joe Clark returned as Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1998. He was re-elected to the House of Commons in 2000. In 2002, Joe Clark said he had carried the Progressive Conservative Party as far as he could. Joe Clarks resignation as Progressive Conservative Party leader was effective at the leadership convention in May 2003. Unhappy with the subsequent merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Alliance Party into the new Conservative Party of Canada, Joe Clark decided not to run in the 2004 general election.

Ordinal Number Definition and Examples

Ordinal Number Definition and Examples An ordinal number is a number that indicates position or order in relation to other numbers: first, second, third, and so on. Contrast these types of numbers with cardinal numbers  (in math theyre also called natural numbers and integers), those numbers that represent countable quantity.   Ordinal numbers  do not represent quantity, notes Mark Andrew Lim, but rather indicate rank and position, such as the fifth car, the twenty†fourth bar, the second highest marks, and so on(The Handbook of Technical Analysis, 2012). Learning Ordinals If you are teaching ordinals to English language learners, introduce the concept by reviewing cardinal numbers. Then continue with the ordinals to contrast the concepts. Also, introduce the term last as a position vocabulary word. Examples of Ordinals All ordinal numbers carry a suffix: -nd, -rd, -st, or -th.  Ordinal numbers can be written as words (second, third) or as numerals followed by abbreviations  (2nd, 3rd). first (1st)second (2nd)third (3rd)fourth (4th)fifth (5th)sixth (6th)seventh (7th)eighth (8th)ninth (9th)tenth (10th)eleventh (11th)twelfth (12th)twentieth (20th)twenty-first (21st)twenty-second (22nd)twenty-third (23rd)twenty-fourth (24th)thirtieth (30th)one hundredth (100th)one thousandth (1,000th)one millionth (1,000,000th)one billionth (1,000,000,000th) Using Ordinal Numbers and Cardinal Numbers Together When a cardinal number and an ordinal number modify the same noun, the ordinal number always precedes the cardinal number: The first two operations were the most difficult to watch. The second three innings were quite dull. In the first example, the ordinal number first precedes the cardinal number two. Both first and two are determiners. In the second example, the ordinal number second precedes the cardinal number three. Both second and three are determiners. Try reading the sentences with the ordinal and cardinal numbers reversed. They simply sound wrong.(Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl Books, 2004) More Tips on Using Ordinal Numbers Spell out ordinal numbers- first, second, third, fourth- except when quoting from another source. In the interests of saving space, they may also be expressed in numerals in notes and references. ... Use words for  ordinal numbers in names, and for numerical street names ... : the Third Reich the Fourth Estate a fifth columnist Sixth Avenue a Seventh-Day Adventist ... Use figures for ages expressed in cardinal numbers, and words for ages expressed as ordinal numbers or decades: a girl of 15 a 33-year-old man between her teens and twenties in his 33rd year (R. M. Ritter, New Harts Rules: The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors. Oxford University Press, 2005) Do not use the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when writing the complete date: January 15 is the date for the examination. However, you may use the ordinal suffixes if you use only the day: The 15th is the date for the examination. ... Write out ordinal numbers when they contain just one word: third prize, tenth in line, sixtieth anniversary, fifteenth birthday. Use numerals for the others: the 52nd state, the 21st Amendment.(Val Dumond, Grammar for Grownups. HarperCollins, 1993)

My Sister's Keeper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

My Sister's Keeper - Movie Review Example Kate Fitzgerald was diagnosed with a terminal form of Leukemia at an early age and was not expected to live past the age of 5 without a proper organ donor to help her out. With that in mind, her parents agree to conceive a genetically engineered child whose sole purpose in life would be to "help" her sister survive.The film tries to take a deeper and more intimate look into how the illness of one child can manage to rip a family part at its seams. Sara, played by Cameron Diaz is the overly affected mother who will do anything to save the life of her eldest daughter Kate.Keeping the above information in mind, I shall evaluate this movie based on the following criteria:- A possibility of the story actually happening in real life;- character and event portrayals in the movie as compared to the original book counterparts;Â   - current medical emancipation laws in the state of California in relation to the movie.All of the above questions or criteria will show us how the rights of a minor are just as important as the rights of an adult. Even more important because they rely on their parents to protect their rights.The movie was partly based on the story of the Ayala sisters, whose parents used the placental cord cells of second sister Marissa - Eve in order to put the Leukemia of older sister Anissa into remission. However, Marissa was not conceived as a designer baby the way Anna was in the movie. The movie, took reality one step further in order to create more dramatic tension between the players which, if you ask me, was a bit of an overkill since the topic of death and survival is already morose as it is.

Importance of accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of accounting - Essay Example It is proved that accounting systems can highly influence the decision-making process and that the mode of intervention of these systems in the above process is not standardized. Under these terms, it can be assumed that the view of Thaler on accounting systems, as presented above, is justified. In order to understand the role of accounting system in the decision-making process it would be necessary to refer to the involvement of accounting information in critical decisions. Indeed, accounting systems affect the decision-making process through the data they incorporate, i.e. through the accounting information. Drury (2007) notes that accounting is used for ‘communicating information to people who have an interest in the organization, i.e. shareholders, employees or even the government’ (Drury 2007, p.4). It is assumed that the primary role of accounting is to provide to individuals critical information in regard to various business activities. Nikolai et al. (2009) note that accounting information has a different role in decision-making. For example, investors use accounting information, as incorporated in a company’s financial reports, in order to decide the level of their investment in the particular organization (Nikolai et al. 2009, p.7). Moreover, s tock exchanges also review the accounting information in order to take decisions related to ‘listings, cancellations or rule-making’ (Nikolai et al. 2009, p.7). Accounting information is also valuable in negotiations between employers and trade unions. The latter need accounting information in order to get informed on the financial status of the employer involved and decide on their position and their financial claims (Nikolai et al. 2009, p.7). According to Hall (2010) accounting information is quite critical in the development of strategic decisions. It is explained that strategic managers have to review their firm’s financial data before taking any decision (Hall

Rethinking The Deterrence Theory Criminology Essay

Rethinking The Deterrence Theory Criminology Essay With much popular appeal, the concept of deterrence has been widely accepted and understood, by judges and parliamentarians alike, to be a central tenet in the principles of sentencing and the wider penal system in England and Wales. Significantly, section 142(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 expressly enjoins sentencers to take account of deterrence as one of the purposes of sentencing when determining what and how severe the appropriate punishment in a given case should be. In practice, as deterrence is widely perceived by judges, not only in the English and Welsh jurisdiction, but also elsewhere in the common law world, as a primary means through which to afford public protection, in many cases involving adult offenders, precedence has tended to be given to deterrence over other considerations in the interest of the community.  [3]  Nevertheless, tensions are palpable between deterrence and other sentencing aims.  [4]  The question of, for instance, whether punishment s hould be an end in and of itself, or whether it ought to be understood as a facilitator of the ideal of offender rehabilitation, remains in the front line of critical discourses into sentencing in the contemporary era.  [5]  Thus, it has become increasingly necessary to deliberate upon the worthiness and value of deterrence not only in the context of sentencing but also to the purpose of the entire penal system. Within this context, the following essay will proceed by first providing an overview of the paradigm of deterrence within the broader framework of the contemporary penal system. It will then attempt to identify and question the moral and empirical underpinnings thereof. Further, it argues that from a criminological or sociological perspective, efforts to achieve deterrent effect, in particular where the individual offender is concerned, are in large part counterproductive. Finally, this essay observes, whilst arguing that deterrence as a penological theory is morally and empirically unsound, that it would be impractical to assume that deterrence will be abandoned altogether in English sentencing law in the near future. Rather, the more prudent and reasonable way to approach the matter would be to continue to observe the constantly evolving concept in an era of significant social, cultural, political and economic change. In conjunction with other penal theories, elements of deterrence will appear to remain a highly influential sentencing tool. Exposition of the deterrence theory Deterrence is one of the oldest paradigmss in the history of criminological and jurisprudential inquiry. As early as in the early eighteen century, the primary purpose of state imposed punishments was said to be the reduction of crime, by means of terrifying [potential offenders] into obeying the law.  [6]  The punishment of prison and the deterrence it brings about, by the relinquishment of the fundamental freedoms, were onceived of as the best means of reducing offending in modern society  [7]  . Johnson defines the verb deter as to discourage by terror, to fright from anything.  [8]  Deterrence can also be defined as including two separate aspects, depending on the class of people being directed at, namely individual (specific) deterrence and general deterrence.  [9]  Translated into judicial language in the specific context of sentencing, a Hong Kong judge, HHJ Ching Y Wong SC, drew the distinction thus: A deterrent sentence may be in personam [that is, individual] or in rem [that is, general]. Normally if the circumstances that pertain to an offender are such that the court is of the opinion that it must be brought home to him that he is not to commit such offences again, for example, a repeat offender, a deterrent sentence  in personam  is proper. When an offence is, inter alia, so prevalent or is so serious within its class, and the court is of the opinion that those of like minds are to be strongly discouraged from committing the same or similar offences, then a deterrent sentence  in rem  is called for.  [10]   In simpler terms, specific deterrence is directed at the offender in question and is expected to prevent her from reoffending by the imposition of punishment; general deterrence, on the other hand, focuses on the public at large, and prevents potential offenders from engaging in criminal conduct in the first place.  [11]   With its roots in the classical and utilitarian thinking of crime,  [12]  the deterrence theory is often compared to a cost-benefit analysis performed in the economic field.  [13]  Underlying the theory is the assumption that all offenders, and potential offenders, are by nature rational, the hallmark of their actions being the pursuit of maximum pleasure and minimum pain. It follows that, as offenders choose, rationally and voluntarily, to commit crime, they respond readily to the perceived costs and benefits of their actions.  [14]  As Lundman explains, If their calculations suggest that perceived benefits will exceed possible costs, then rational [offenders] commit [crimes] in anticipation of enjoying rewards. However, if these calculations lead [criminals] to conclude that costs will exceed rewards, then the rational course of action is to seek gratification in ways other than [criminality].  [15]   In other words, if the calculation of the consequences of offending leads to the conclusion that there is more to be lost than there is to be gained from committing crime, the potential offenders should be naturally deterred.  [16]  Thus, within the utilitarian framework criminals are invariably errant, though still rational, individuals whose perversity or anti-social self interests serve to offer some perceived benefits of offending.  [17]  It is in this light that Bentham passionately argues for the usefulness of deterrence, on the ground that the threat of punishment is the force employed to restrain [possible offenders] from commission of crime, from which the pain of punishment might result.  [18]   Underlain by these ideas of rationality and self-interest, for deterrence theorists there are certain qualities necessary to an effective deterrent punishment. As Newburn elaborates on these qualities first enunciated by Beccaria  [19]  , punishment must come with certainty and be enforced consistently, and that it does should be acknowledged by the offender; there must be celerity in the law, with punishment coming as promptly as possible, in order that both the public and the offender himself could see the relationship between the punishment and the offence as inevitably causal; and finally, it must be properly proportionate to the crime, namely one that is relatively mild and moderate and inflicts pain just exceeding the advantage derivable from the crime.  [20]   Moral problems with the deterrence theory An emphasis on deterrence often leads to a harsher sentence than the offender would otherwise be deemed to deserve.  [21]  The Court of Appeal has held, relying on the Strasbourg jurisprudence, that the legitimate object of deterrence can, in appropriate cases, amply justify such sentences.  [22]  It seems apparent that in such cases the sentencing aim of deterrence can be paramount. Whilst weight would, in theory, have been accorded to the interests of the offender, where the alleged crimes are considered as threatening the wider community, the utilitarian theory of deterrence demands that individual rights and proportionality, in its narrow sense, subsume under the societal interests.  [23]   Young is critical of this judicial use of deterrence as a sentence enhancing factor.  [24]  He argues, not unconvincingly, that the theory is arguably inconsistent with fundamental notions of justice.  [25]  Indeed, why a persons liberty need be sacrificed for the educational impact it will have on others is a legitimate question to pose. This concern has been shared by del Vecchio, who emphatically stated that the human person always bears in himself something sacred, and it is therefore not permissible to treat him merely as a means towards an end outside of himself.  [26]   A more fundamental moral weakness of the notion of deterrence pertains to the coherency of its ideological premise rationality. As in the analysis in Part I, deterrence has traditionally built upon the premise that individuals will desist from reoffending because of the fear inherent in the discipline and punishment meted out by the state. In a moral sense, then, a semblance of common reasoning is central to the application of the utilitarian understanding of deterrence. Yet, as the famous philosopher John Rawls persuasively argues, there is no reason to assume that our sense of justice can be adequately characterised by familiar common sense precepts or derived from the more obvious learning principles.  [27]   It seems indeed somewhat simplistic to assume offenders as rational beings before or in the course of committing a crime. As the Home Office rightly conceded in 1990, offenders very seldom weigh up the possibilities prior to their conduct and typically do not act only after on rational premeditation.  [28]  In many instances criminals need to take their decisions hastily. Two young males fighting in a public street, for example, are unlikely to have ever thought about the consequences of their actions in the heat of the moment.  [29]  Moreover, as Cornish and Clarke argue, the decision-making process of offenders is remarkably limited in their understanding of possibilities, potentials and consequences.  [30]  For instance, most petty criminals are often badly informed about the criminal liability, let alone the penalties, associated with the crimes they commit.  [31]  As a result, even accepting that offenders are rational, it would be difficult, if not impossible, f or offenders to have accurately balanced the costs and benefits of the commission of the criminal act.  [32]   The weakness becomes even more obvious in the case of such rarer but usually more horrendous crimes as those involving violence, the offenders of which are characteristically not reasoning. Hudson plausibly argues that crimes of such kind are usually committed without a prior careful calculation of risk.  [33]  Most killings, for instance, are not rationally planned, but are impulsive and driven by strong emotion.  [34]  In other instances, such are crimes that involve intentionality where offenders commit crime regardless of the risk.  [35]   Interestingly, probably comprehending the moral difficulties existing therein, English courts have rarely invoked deterrence as a standalone ground for an otherwise disproportionate sentence. It is often relied on in conjunction with other penal theories. Deterrence has, according to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, customarily been recognised as the twin of punishment.  [36]  Thus some commentators have gone further in contending that, in fact, punitiveness resides in the epicentre of the contemporary penal policies supposedly informed by the utilitarian principles of deterrence.  [37]  For them, the current political discourse and policy initiatives [blame] the offenders, [silence] excuses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and [see] the punishment of the wrongdoer as the proper response.  [38]  Deterrence, then, has not been upheld on any principled basis, but has rather been reduced to a morality that has to be upheld whatever the functional benefits.  [39]   As a result, from a philosophical perspective, classical utilitarianism upon which the theory of deterrence is based would seem quite unable to do justice to the mode in which many of our actual ends matter to us.  [40]   The epirical (in)validity of the deterrence theory It seems fair, to say that the empirical literature examining deterrence has not yielded enormous success different studies often tend to contradict each other, on occasions directly and completely.  [41]  Some evidence suggests that swift punishments do not abate the incidence of subsequent crimes any more than delayed punishments, owing to the cognitive capacity of humans to imagine.  [42]  More research efforts have been put into the consideration of the other two aspects of deterrence. By and large, there is some evidence, albeit anecdotal in one way or another, showing that certainty of punishment has a greater deterrent effect than does severity of punishment.  [43]   However, even this is more than what Radzinowicz and King have been prepared to accept. They quite sensibly argue that, more precisely, it is the certainty of detection or intervention, not of punishment, that is the more crucial element in deterrence.  [44]  Lending support to this view, commenting on figures in the United States, Cornish and Clarke suggests that offenders are more likely to be put off by the immediate fear of exposure and being caught, as opposed to the threat of some penalty relatively remote in time.  [45]  Thus it may not be any surprise when Gough concludes that deterrence should only be a minor consideration, if occupying a role to play at all, for the purposes of sentencing.  [46]  What is needed, in Goughs opinion, is tougher enforcement and targeted strategies that increase detection certainty, rather than any toughening of sanctions. On the other hand, there is a more critical view that the reduction of crime in these studies cannot be ascribed to deterrence. What have been influential might well have been the incapacitating effect of the punishment or other myriad variables quite apart from the risks of punishment, including the motive for the crime, the strength of the temptation, the strength of inhibitions or moral revulsion against it.  [47]   In any case, all these studies, deriving as they do from crime statistics, must be interpreted with caution, whether they be supportive or dismissive of the deterrence principles. After all, there are no such things as empirical truths as such.  [48]  In determining whether or not deterrence should be regarded as being beset by empirical difficulties, the entire discussion would prove moot if one does not appreciate the problem of interpreting crime statistics in the first place. Notoriously, any organised way of understanding about crime, criminals and crime control framed in definitional and empirical terms is intricately problematic.  [49]  Ultimately, criminality is a natural by-product of such industrial, capitalist experience as economic growth, the easier availability of social opportunities, and the increased recognition of individual liberties.  [50]  It is essentially a social construct, varying as it does across time, place and people.  [51]  Viewed from such a perspective, deterrence is but part of a means devised by the state to statistically manage the social problem of crime.  [52]  Put in this wider social and political perspective, the extent to which deterrence is, just as punishment, thought to be a fundamentally important social theory inescapably reflects the broader political economy of the urban society in which one lives.  [53]   As such, although crime data and criminal statistics are ostensibly transparent and open manifestations of offending patterns, to divorce the quantifiable empirical data from the broader politicisation of crime would be an unrealistic exercise provided the complex settings in the modern liberal democracy such as this country, in which crime, sociology and political economy are inextricably intertwined.  [54]  Doubts have therefore historically been cast onto the verity of the official figures with the most pessimistic criminological interpretations suggesting that crime statistics are universally doctored, and thus of limited worth to the understanding of the relationship between crime, the state and punishment.  [55]  In the final analysis, imagining crime figures as being free from bias would be to ignore the tension between broad generalization and the specification of empirical particulars,  [56]  and the interpretation thereof will inevitably entails an overly object ive view of an inherently subjective phenomenon.  [57]   The anti-deterrent effects of punishment: a criminological perspective Some criminologists do not merely dismiss deterrence as unconvincing, but have gone further in arguing that, quite far from producing the intended result, fear of punishment might sometimes lead directly to the commission of crime. It is possible that a criminal who has already offended, but not yet apprehended, feels that they have little to lose from further offending, because they have to be punished anyway. As Taylor cites as a striking example, at some point in the last century, a substantial minority of unmarried women in Scotland have been driven to commit infanticide exactly because of the fear of being publicly humiliated as a punishment for adultery.  [58]   For those who have been apprehended and punished, further offending behaviour is still not impossible under the labelling theory, under which criminality is to be thought of as a quality created inevitably when punitive sanctions are applied to behaviour considered to be offending.  [59]  The offender takes on a criminal identity when he is labelled as such by a range of social reactions, including and following the imposition of an official sanction, which has the effect of isolating her from society.  [60]  Her opportunity to live by legitimate means whilst being labelled criminal would quite conceivably be reduced considerably, and resort might then have to be had to illegitimate ways of life. In this way the label is dramatised to the extent that it becomes entrenched and internalised.  [61]  In this light, the labelled, stigmatised and socially isolated, have to accept their status as criminals and rebuild their lives accordingly, leading to a greater degree of devia nce.  [62]   In this sense, punishment within the context of deterrence may in truth be counterproductive in reducing incidence of recidivism.  [63]  With all the negative social interactions that punishment entails, a sentence which speaks to the deterrence of the individual offender appears to reinforce the self-prophecy of criminality, render reintegration into the conventional world difficult, and a criminal career almost inevitable.  [64]  Thus punishment with a deterrent element may ironically result in the promotion of the kind of activities that it is designed to prevent. Conclusion: Abandoning deterrenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or not? Deterrence has for the most part been discounted as an effective and justifiable approach to sentencing by academics, in particular criminologists, who are often more willing to consider the causes in addition to the consequences of criminal activity.  [65]  However, the popular appeal of the notion as a commonsense approach to sentencing appears to persist to this day. Given the important case of Attuh-Benson,  [66]  it seems unlikely that attempts, however able and sincere, to bring the criticisms levelled against the usefulness of deterrence before the courts would be of any avail. There the Court of Appeal forcefully pronounced that [i]f a different approach is to be adopted it should be in response to guidance from the Sentencing Guidelines Council who may wish to consider this matter.  [67]  After all, it is important to bear in mind that the way in which the state responds to criminality has always constituted an inexorably divisive conundrum with hardly any consensus as to what ought to represent a just punishment.  [68]  And sentencers, even those of the eminence and seniority of the Lord Justices of Appeal, will understandably consider and defer to the legislative objectives set forth in the Criminal Justice Act 2003, one of those being deterrence. Indeed, according to established principles of the common law, this is not an ar ea in which the court should, in the words of Borins DCJ, sitting in the Canadian Supreme Court, pass on the wisdom of Parliament.  [69]  As such, discourses of deterrence are likely to remain a distinguishing feature of the English sentencing policy, as in elsewhere in the world. (4172 words) Table of cases: Canada: Ciccone  (1974) 7  SASR 11  October, 113 Guiller (1985) 48 CR (3d) 226 Luxton  (1990) 58 CCC (3d) 449 Smith (1987) 34 CCC (3d) 97 England and Wales: Attuh-Benson [2004] EWCA Crim 3032 Bieber [2008] EWCA Crim 1601 Brown v Stott  [2001] 2 WLR 817 Holloway  (1982) 4 Cr. App. R. (S) 128 Howells  [1999]  1 All ER  50 Sargeant (1974) 60 Cr App R 74   Zampa  (1984) 6 Cr. App. R. (S) 110 European Court of Human Rights: Ezeh Connors v. United Kingdom  (2004) 39 EHRR 1 Hong Kong: AG v Tang King-ming  [1986] HKLR 211 HKSAR v Hiroyuki Takeda [1998] 1 HKLRD 931 Secretary for Justice v Ma Ping-wah [2000] 2 HKLRD 312

Identity: Wild Cat Falling by Colin Johnson, Pleasantville (1998)

Who am I? The question sounds cliche, but let’s be serious. Don’t you believe there is something inside you that you can’t describe, but seems to say, â€Å"This isn’t who I am, or who I planned to be†. The texts I have read emphasise the belief that socialization creates a mask, a false identity concealing the self and who we are to be. However, it is widely believed that identity is a product of socialization- that the self changes through our individual experiences. The persona of WCF is a victim of these processes. CJ’s use of shifting temporal frames allows us to review the persona’s past whilst retaining the present, demonstrating the impact of his childhood experiences on his identity. Jesse Duggan was an influential figure in protagonist’s formative years; her fear of the western culture lead her to condition her son into white society: â€Å"they belong to the white side of the fence. You’ve got to prove you do and don’t you forget it†. She isolates him from his traditional culture and instils in him the stigmas of the lesser breed. The persona’s frequent self derogatory remarks about being â€Å"a mongrel† and â€Å"born under the curse of Ham† indicate how society’s treatment of ‘Noongars’ has affected him. Socialization has isolated the protagonist, denying him his cultural identity and stifling his hopes. Throughout, the persona also remains anonymous, insinuating that his identity is amorphous. Yet we clearly see his mask; â€Å"I took a long look at him and sneered back in my best Hollywood crim voice†. His tone is satirical, as if he knows, his ‘crim’ act is not a true reflection of his identity. And in spite of this mask, his ‘core’ identity can also be seen: â€Å"I stood on the bed, face pressed to the bars, gulping the salt-sea tang until I became part of its crashing surf and soundless depths. † His mask hides his true nature, nonetheless it is revealed through his poetic sensibility. Eliot’s 1911 poem ‘Prufrock’ is a dramatic monologue of a middle-class English-man. For him, socialization demands his conformity to social norms, making him feel imprisoned by its mediocrity: â€Å"for I have known them all already, known them all; have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons†. The repetition of ‘known them all’ portrays life as routine without purpose. â€Å"my morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin; my necktie rich and modest† the detail of his dress elaborately conceals his identity and his true feelings about society. Ironically, the repetition of ‘my’ implies an illumination of identity, rather than its suppression. It seems the Prufrock is afraid reveal his identity may ‘disturb the universe’: â€Å"do I dare, and, do I dare? Avoiding this ultimate question, he seeks peace in oblivion: I should have been a pair of ragged claws; scuttling across the floors of silent seas†. We are gregarious creatures, and Prufrock’s desire for isolation is untenable to us. Socialization has trapped him in a rock and a hard place: he may choose the peaceful oblivion of a void anyday, but he is too scared to reject a mask that he despises in case it may change his world: oh the irony! The 1998 film Pleasantville explores the effects of stepping out of a uniform society. they just happen to see something inside themselves that’s different†. This shot is taken from below, establishing this as a powerful argument and putting David in a position of power over the crowd. He is persuading Pleasantville that embracing your core values defines you as unique; special. He also ‘colours’ George Parker, by revealing to him his intrinsic values: â€Å"don’t you think she looks just as beautiful as the first day you met her? Now don’t you wish you could tell her that? The proxemics in this shot exaggerates David’s emotions and influences his father’s reaction. A shot of David is taken from the court’s POV, which allows for tension to rise before he moves to the side to reveal his ‘coloured’ father. The diagetic tone of shocked voices, coupled with the non-diagetic, soft music that swells at this new revelation, is us ed to highlight the importance of this scene as unearthing your inner self. It seems to say: this is the moment of epiphany, the moment when you discover this universe holds something wonderful and rare, just for you. In David’s own words â€Å"if you just have the guts† to look inside yourself, you’ll find all that â€Å"who am I to be† crap alot easier to handle. WCF’s persona began to confront that ‘song’ or ‘dream’ that had always been with him. Prufrock decided he’d rather drown than face the vast emptiness of his identity. But by giving Pleasantville the choice of change, it instituted profound normative values in people: love, passion, knowledge, peace, expression. All the colours of the rainbow. Though the belief that socialization morphs a person into who they are is predominant in society, it is hard to say that this is truly the case. These texts seem to emphasise the belief that socialization creates masks to conceal our core identities. Of course, socialization can shape us. Would a beggar have the same choices as a rich man? From my perspective, socialization may have us prepare that â€Å"face to meet the faces that you meet† but it may never alter our core identity, which is inevitably revealed when we confront our true emotions.

Internship Evaluation Of The Fx - 1013 Words

Angel Chang Wei Internship Evaluation Caxton FX is a UK-based foreign exchange company in London. The company’s objective is to put a Caxton card in every wallet and to facilitate corporate money transfer on behalf of its private and corporate clients. It’s a young and fast growing company which has grown from only one employee in 2004 to 120 employees in 2015. The turnover has grown from 750 million in 2013 to 1 billion in 2015. The company has zero debt and an AAA credit rating. The division which I have been assigned to is the corporate sales team, which has 30 people in 4 departments: lead generators, business development managers, senior sales managers and account managers. The board exploits market opportunities and develops new†¦show more content†¦With the information, the team gains a better understanding of the market and targets potential clients more precisely, which enhances working efficiency. The corporate sales team has a morning brief meeting every morning at 9 o’clock. In the meeting, one colleague summarizes the latest news, the main currency exchanges rates, and the major fluctuation in the foreign exchange market. Then, we have discussions on the impacts on the market in regard to the morning brief news. Next, one other colleague would proceed to give a notice with the major events that are going to happen on that day. He will also point out the possible effects on the foreign currency exchange rate. For example, he would speak of the meeting of the European Central Bank, the inflation figures in the UK and the US, the change of the interest rate in China, and so forth. Then the head of the corporate sales team will set daily goals with everyone in the junior sales team regarding the number of phone calls and trades they need to make. The morning meeting benefits everyone in the sales team to gain the ability to analyse the financial market better. It teaches me to integrate academic knowledge with daily news. The core class introduces the advantage of privatization in encouraging competition. Individual companies have to make profitable plans such as devolving management and decreasing costs, which in turn leads to greater efficiency and larger