The 18th Amendment Began the Era of Prohibition

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, which began the era of  Prohibition. Ratified on Jan. 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment on Dec. 5, 1933. In the over 200 years of U.S. Constitutional Law, the 18th Amendment remains the only amendment to ever have been repealed.   The 18th Amendment Key Takeaways The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture and distribution of alcohol (known as Prohibition), on Jan. 16, 1919.  The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement.The result was the destruction of an entire industry, including loss of jobs and tax revenue, and general lawlessness as people openly flaunted the law.  The Great Depression was an instrumental reason for its repeal.  The 21st Amendment repealing the 18th was ratified in December 1933, the only amendment ever to be repealed. Text of the 18th Amendment Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Proposal of the 18th Amendment   The road to national prohibition was riddled with a plethora of states laws that mirrored a national sentiment for temperance. Of the states that already had bans on manufacturing and distributing alcohol, very few had sweeping successes as a result, but the 18th Amendment sought to remedy this.   On August 1, 1917, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution detailing a version of the above three sections to be presented to states for ratification. The vote passed 65 to 20 with Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition while the Democrats voted 36 to 12.   On December 17, 1917, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of a revised resolution 282 to 128, with Republicans voting 137 to 62 and Democrats voting 141 to 64. Additionally, four independents voted for and two against it. The Senate approved this revised version the next day with a vote of 47 to 8 where it then went on to the States for ratification. Ratification of the 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919, in Washington, D.C. with Nebraskas for vote pushing the amendment over the required 36 states needed to approve the bill. Of the 48 states in the U.S. at the time (Hawaii and Alaska became states in the U.S. in 1959), only Connecticut and Rhode Island rejected the amendment, though New Jersey did not ratify it until three years later in 1922.   The National Prohibition Act was written to define the language and execution of the amendment and despite President Woodrow Wilsons attempt to veto the act, Congress and the Senate overrode his veto and set the start date for prohibition in the United States to January 17, 1920, the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment.   The Temperance Movement Temperance Parade. Chicago History Museum/Getty Images At the time of its passage, the 18th Amendment was the culmination of well over a century of activity by members of the temperance movement—people who wanted the total abolishment of alcohol. In the mid-19th century in the United States and elsewhere, the rejection of alcohol began as a religious movement, but it never gained traction: The revenue from the alcohol industry was phenomenal even then. As the new century turned, however, so did the focus of the temperance leadership.   Temperance became a platform of the Progressive Movement, a political and cultural movement that was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. The Progressives wanted to clean up slums, end child labor, enforce shorter working hours, improve working conditions for people in factories, and stop excessive drinking. Banning alcohol, they felt, would protect the family, aid personal success, and reduce or eliminate crime and poverty.   The leaders of the movement were in the Anti-Saloon League of America, who, allied with the Womens Christian Temperance Union mobilized the Protestant churches and obtained major funding from businessmen and the corporate elite. Their activities were instrumental in achieving the two-thirds majority needed in both houses to initiate what would become the 18th Amendment.   The Volstead Act   The original wording of the 18th amendment barred the manufacture, sale, transportation, and exportation of intoxicating beverages, but it didnt define what intoxicating meant. Many of the people who supported the 18th amendment believed that the real problem was saloons and that drinking was acceptable in respectable settings.  The 18th amendment didnt prohibit imports (the Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 did that) but Webb-Kenyon only enforced the imports when it was illegal in the receiving states. At first, people who wanted alcohol could get it semi-legally and safely.   But the Volstead Act, which was passed by Congress and then came into effect on January 16, 1920, defined the intoxicating level at .05 percent alcohol by volume. The utilitarian arm of the temperance movement wanted to ban saloons and control alcohol production: People believed their own drinking was blameless, but it was bad for everyone else and the society at large. The Volstead Act made that untenable: If you wanted alcohol, you now had to get it illegally.   The Volstead Act also created the first Prohibition Unit, in which men and women were hired at the federal level to serve as prohibition agents. Consequences of the 18th Amendment   The result of the combined 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act was economic devastation in the liquor industry. In 1914, there were 318 wineries, in 1927 there were 27. Liquor wholesalers were cut by 96 percent, and the number of legal retailers by 90 percent. Between 1919 and 1929, tax revenue from distilled spirits dropped from $365 million to under $13 million; revenues from fermented liquors went from $117 million to virtually nothing.   Bans on liquor importation and exportation crippled American ocean liners who were competing with other countries. Farmers lost the legal market of their crops to distilleries. Its not that the framers didnt realize that they would be losing the tax revenue they got from the alcohol industry (not to mention job loss and raw material market loss): They simply believed after World War I that prosperity and economic growth would be adequately bolstered by the gains of the Progressive movement, including doing away with alcohol, to overcome any initial costs.   Bootlegging   Marcia Frost One main consequence of the 18th Amendment was the steep  increase in smuggling and bootlegging—massive quantities of alcohol were smuggled out of Canada or made in small stills. There was no funding provided in the 18th Amendment for federal policing or prosecuting drink-related crimes. Although the Volstead Act created the first federal Prohibition Units, it didnt really become effective at the national level until 1927. State courts became clogged with alcohol-related cases.   When voters recognized that even near beer productions by the limping alcohol manufacturers Coors, Miller, and Anheuser Busch were now not legally accessible, tens of millions of people refused to obey the law. Illegal operations to manufacture alcohol and speakeasies to distribute it were rife. Juries would often not convict bootleggers, who were seen as Robin Hood figures. Despite the level of overall criminality, the mass violations by the public created lawlessness and a widespread disrespect for the law.   Rise of the Mafia   The opportunities for making money in the bootlegging business were not lost on organized crime in the United States. As legitimate alcohol businesses closed, the Mafia and other gangs took control of its production and sale. These became sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade.   The Mafia were protected by crooked police and politicians who were bribed to look the other way. The most notorious of the Mafia dons was Chicagos Al Capone, who earned an estimated $60 million annually from his bootlegging and speakeasy operations. Income from bootlegging flowed into the old vices of gambling and prostitution, and the resulting widespread criminality and violence added to the growing demand for repeal. Although there were arrests during the 1920s, the Mafias lock on bootlegging was only successfully broken by repeal. Support for Repeal The growth of support for the repeal of the 18th amendment had everything to do with the promises of the Progressive movement balanced with the devastation of the Great Depression.   But even before the stock market crash in 1929, the Progressive reform movement, which had seemed so idyllic in its plan for a healthier society, lost credibility. The Anti-Saloon League insisted on zero tolerance and aligned itself with distasteful elements such as the Ku Klux Klan. Young people saw progressive reform as a suffocating status quo. Many prominent officials warned about the consequences of lawlessness: Herbert Hoover made it a central plank on his successful bid for the presidency in 1928. A year after the stock market crashed, six million men were out of work; in the first three years after the crash, an average of 100,000 workers were fired every week. The politicians who had argued that progressivism would bring prosperity were now held responsible for the depression.   By the early 1930s, the same corporate and religious elite people who supported the establishment of the 18th Amendment now lobbied for its repeal. One of the first was Standard Oils John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a major financial supporter of the 18th Amendment. On the night before the 1932 Republican convention, Rockefeller said that he now supported repeal of the Amendment, despite being a teetotaler on principle.   Repeal of the 18th Amendment After Rockefeller, many other businessmen signed on, saying that the benefits of prohibition were far outweighed by the costs. There was a growing socialist movement in the country, and people were organizing into unions: The elite businessmen including Pierre Du Pont of Du Pont manufacturing and Alfred P. Sloan Jr. of General Motors were frankly terrified.   The political parties were more cautious: Both were for Resubmission of the 18th amendment to the states and if the popular vote agreed, they would move to repeal it. But they were split on who would receive economic benefits. The Republicans wanted liquor control to lie with the federal government, while the Democrats wanted it returned to the states. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. quietly endorsed repeal: His main promises for the presidency were balanced budgets and fiscal integrity. After he won and the Democrats swept in with him in December 1933, the lame-duck 72nd Congress reconvened and the Senate voted to submit the 21st Amendment to state conventions. The House approved it in February. In March 1933, Roosevelt asked Congress to modify the Volstead Act to allow 3.2 percent near beer and in April it was legal in most of the country. FDR had two cases shipped to the White House. On Dec. 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment, and the 18th Amendment was repealed.   Sources Blocker Jr., Jack S. Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation. American Journal of Public Health 96.2 (2006): 233–43. Print.Bourdreaux, Donald J., and A.C. Pritchard. The Price of Prohibition. Arizona Law Review 36 (1994). Print.Dietler, Michael. Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.1 (2006): 229–49. Print.Levine, Harry Gene. The Birth of American Alcohol Control: Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness. Contemporary Drug Problems 12 (1985): 63–115. Print.Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition. The American Economic Review 81.2 (1991): 242–47. Print.Webb, Holland. Temperance Movements and Prohibition. International Social Science Review 74.1/2 (1999): 61–69. Print.

The Price Of Minimum Wage - 1406 Words

To analyse and draw conclusions on minimum wage in relation to its standing in business law, we first of all need to define what the meaning of the term is. National minimum wage was introduced in 1998 through the national minimum wage act. This enforced that employers would pay each employee a set value set by the government per working hour. One of the main benefits of this was that the most low skills jobs within society received a fair wage. Setting the price of minimum wage is a complex task as the main priority is to reduce the negative effect on the labour market, creating benefits outweighing the costs. Inflation and minimum wage have a very close relationship, with inflation being the annual increase in the price of goods and services. As inflation rises, it is natural for minimum wage to follow at a similar rate. In october 2014, minimum wage increased 3%, whereas inflation increased 2%. This shows an improvement in the real term income for over 1,000,000 of the lowest paid workers in Britain. In the UK, we do not have a legal system which is codified. Our laws are set out in a few sources, which consists of common law, legislation and EU laws and conventions. This means that there is not a document which sets out the laws which we must abide by. Alternatively, cases in legal history set a precedent for future cases indication the sentence or decision to give. In order for a bill to become a law it goes through a procedure called consideration. The bill is passedShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Is The Price Floor For Wages908 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is the price floor for wages, meaning that it is the lowest possible wage per hour. The minimum wage is set so no worker will be oppressed or underpaid, it makes people able to live. The minimum raise rises constantly so it can keep up with the cost of life which is always increasing as well. The current minimum wage in Arizona is 8.05$/hour. People might think that minimum wage has no downside, but surprisingly it has, if someone has worked in a place for years and his wage increasedRead MoreMinimum Wage Is The Price Floor For Jobs Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pages Minimum wage is the price floor for jobs. Many people are either for it or against it, however not denying the fact that it is very important to employees. Because, minimum wage creates a pathway for workers to sell their labour though getting paid less, businesses willingly hire them and workers gain experiences. Yes, in many ways it can benefit both the employers and the employees but there is always a down side to it. When it comes to revenue businesses can only spend so much and it doesRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Law Should Not Exist1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe minimum wage law was first enacted in January 1938 (Mutari, Ellen), and since then, people have falsely been led to believe that it is beneficial to the economy as well as the general population. It has commonly been seen as a method to reduce poverty by redistributing income in order to make sure that people earn a healthy, living wage; however, evidence has shown that it in fact does just the opposite. Forcing a minimum wage goes against the free market, and severely disrupts the natural processRead MoreMinimum Wage in Countries773 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum wage is the lowest wage permitted by law or a special agreement that can be applied for an employee. Governments set minimum wage on business for reduced poverty and increases in the standard of living. In 2009 from six dollar and fifty five cents to seven dollars and twenty five cents, minimum wage has increased and has been beneficial up to the minimum wage. In 2014 it will be a dollar up so it is going to be tough. The issue is whether to raise the minimum wage or not. For this reasonRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage845 Words   |  4 Pagespresidential election of 2016, low-wage workers began demanding for a raise in the minimum wage to fifteen dollars an hour. On April of 2016, governor Jerry Brown signed the minimum wage to be raised to $15–an-Hour in California by 2022. It is hoped that raising the minimum wage will reduce the economic disparity between the wealthy and the poor and to help people who earn minimum wage gain more purchasing power. However, the article California Moves Toward $15-an-Hour Minimum Wage by Alejandro Lazo and EliotRead MoreMinimum Wages During 21st Century America1649 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Wages in 21st Century America In the United States the time has come for the next president to be elected and the political fervor has come early this year with an unconventional, surprisingly interesting primary race. With the coming of a new commander in chief the incessant grilling of the candidates has begun and issues, such as poverty in the United States, are being given the national spot light during debates. The issue of poverty has recently gained traction among citizens as wellRead MoreMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The Workplace886 Words   |  4 PagesPrice floor is most commonly defined as a government price control that establishes the minimum allowable price that can be charged for a particular good or service (Ragan, 2013). The most popular and recognisable examples of a price floor is minimum wage. Fundamentally, a minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay their employees (MCEE, 2008). For much of the past century, the minimum wage has been a controversial subject amo ng policymakers and economists around the worldRead MoreDemand Supply , Examine the Argument in Favour Against Minimum Wage Law in Uk1415 Words   |  6 Pages * (Using Demand Supply: examine the arguments in favour against minimum wage law in UK*) * *Total words: 1,402 Demand It refers to the willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services at different prices. Supply It refers to the willingness and ability of sellers to provide goods and services for sale at different prices What* *is minimum wage? A minimum wage is the lowest monthly, daily or hourly that employers may legally payRead MoreAmerica s Minimum Wage At Arizona s Current $ 8.05 Per Hour Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A yes vote on Proposition 206, also called the Healthy Working Families Initiative, would increase the minimum wage from Arizona’s current $8.05 per hour to $10 per hour by 2017 and eventually to $12 per hour by 2020† (Rau). While the first part of Prop. 206 seems to be getting more attention in the media and form the business community, the second part will trigger the most disruptive changes for Arizona employers, especially small employers. Recent polling indicates that nearly 60 percent of likelyRead MoreA Higher Minimum Wage May Help Workers Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesLabor Standards Act established minimum wage in 1938 (Grossman). Overtime, the minimum wage has been raised in order to account for inflation (BLS 14). However, what the o verall economic impact of raising the wage will be is once again a daunting and extensive question. The controversy over raising the minimum wage seems to come from often conflicting economic opinions. While raising the minimum wage is done with good intentions, critics argue that a higher minimum wage will harm those it is actually

Television and Social Capital Free Essays

Television a blessing or a curse? TV or not TV? That is the question. .Television is one of the greatest and at the same time worst inventions of all times. We will write a custom essay sample on Television and Social Capital or any similar topic only for you Order Now . It is true that television can inform, inspire and create. But it can also misinform, deceive and destroy. Firstly, watching television makes people depended on laid-on entertainment. That makes them lazy and unoccupied. People used to have hobbies, read books, listen to music, go outside for walks now all of these have been replaced by television. Furthermore, our communication with the members of our family can be affected by television. Being glued to the â€Å"box† for so many hours can be really unsociable as you can’t talk and communicate with others while you are watching TV. Added to that, television promotes a fake lifestyle, which is totally irrelevant to real living. Children can easily be affected by that, as it is possible that they believe in fake life situations which can even lead to death. For example, a young child jumped off his window, believing that he could fly just like superman. However, TV is not always a bad influence to us. Without television, we wouldn’t be able to experience the â€Å"visual travelling†. We can watch the Eifel Tower, the Great Wall of China, the Colosseum of Rome, the Sydney opera House in Australia and many other great buildings by just turning the TV on. Also, the information that television offers, can sometimes be vital as we need to be informed about the climate changes, the earthquakes, the wars, and a lot of other events which could lead to destructions. Moreover, there are enormous possibilities for educational programs on television. Since children love watching TV it can’t be that hard to convince them to learn through a television program. The lesson will be a lot more amusing and not so tiring as school lessons. Considering the audiovisual perspectives that TV can offer, teachers can easily be replaced by televisions! In conclusion, the question â€Å"TV or not TV? † still remains unanswered. The negative points are as many as the positive ones. It’s up to us, then, to decide whether we are going to be watching TV or not. Television has the potential to unite communities, provide information to allow positive cultural, social and environmental change, and to create a true global village. It also has the potential to alienate, desocialise, to promote aggressive and negative behaviours, provide negative and inappropriate role models to our children, and to create negative values such as values of consumption and possession. During the past two decades there has been considerable debate on the issue of the impact of television violence on youth behaviour. Many in the television industry deny television’s contribution to youth violence. The Net-generation refers to people born between 1977 and 1997. There have been many studies that identify an association between exposure to violence in entertainment and violent behaviour, but these studies do not prove that exposure causes violent behaviour. They show that there is a risk that exposure to media violence will increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behaviour. This risk can be increased or decreased by a large number of other factors. Recent research into the effects of pornography and violent video/computer games is starting to draw similar conclusions, although findings suggest that pornographic films, especially those containing violence, can contribute to callous sexual behaviour and violence towards women. The relationship between what we see and what we do is extremely complex. Some of the more important variables are context in which violence is portrayed, the age of the viewer, the sex of the viewer, the ability of the viewer to differentiate between fantasy and reality, and justified and unjustified use of force. Violence on television seems to be effecting our feelings of safety within the community. There is some evidence to suggest that the level of violence in television programs, films, news, may have led to an increase in fear that society is more dangerous than is actually the case. Censorship issues are difficult to resolve. What are our rights? Are they to be protected from viewing things that may be harmful to our own or our children’s psyche, or are they to have the right to decide for ourselves? Censorship may also lead to the ‘forbidden fruit’ phenomenon and the development of black markets. Similar results may occur if there is regulation of broadcasters. Would self-regulation work? It is well known that parental influence can be a major factor in reducing the impact that television violence will have on children. But parents need to be aware of this and need to take the time to know what their children are viewing and, at best, view programs with children in order to ameliorate the negative impacts from such viewing. Parental influence can also enhance the positive impacts of television, and can allow children to understand social systems and appropriate behaviour more fully. Parental education and awareness programs will determine how successful this approach is. One option to ensure television viewing is less damaging to children is to have media literacy education for children in all schools. The aim of this education would be to help children to critically evaluate the images, which are presented to them on an everyday basis. If we are concerned about the kind of television our children are watching, technological advances such as the ‘v-chip’ (violence chip) can be programmed to block out unwanted programs from television broadcasts. Just as it is with censorship issues, new technology relies on parental involvement. Television programming is driven by commercial intent. Television appears to be harmless entertainment, but the function of global television is connected with the ideology of globalising capitalism. It appears the commercial intent is focused on distraction and cultural reformation. Television has a large social cost. Television viewing removes us from the physical reality of our current lives – and often for extended periods of time. When we watch television, we stop social interaction – conversation becomes fractious and partial, if it continues at all. While we watch television we miss the verbal interaction that allows for sharing, learning and building collective perspectives. Television changes culture in more ways than we can imagine. In the United States, half of the population now report watching television while eating dinner, and more than a third watch while eating breakfast or lunch. People in the US spend more time watching television than they do talking with their spouses (four to six times more) and playing with their children (an average of twenty minutes each day compared with four hours of television viewing). The situation is no much different in the UK where 46 percent of people say that at the end of a working day all they want to do is watch television. It is, in fact, the number one leisure time pursuit in much of the developed world. ; People’s absorption in television results in far less time for intimate social connectedness, which is visible not only in the home but in the broader patterns of community vitality, or social capital. Social capital is a term used to describe the overall health of social connectedness – feelings of common purpose, common identity and common commitment. Television viewing has been implicated in the collapse of positive civic participation in almost all of its forms. Since healthy communities are characterized by high levels of social capital and participation, lack of positive civic participation indicates and unhealthy communities. This is decline in civic participation reveals a clear inter-generational shift Music and Human life Music is one of the greatest creations of human kind in the course of history. It is creativity in a pure and undiluted form and format. Music plays a vital role in our daily life. It is a way of expressing our feelings and emotions. Music is a way to escape life, which gives us relief in pain and helps us to reduce the stress of the daily routine. It helps us to calm down, an even excites us in the moment of joy. Moreover, it enriches the mind and gives us self confidence. Music surrounds our lives at different moments of lives, whether we hear it on the radio, on television, from our car and home stereos. Different kinds of music are appropriate for different occasions. We come across it in the mellifluous tunes of a classical concert or in the devotional strains of a bhajan, the wedding band, or the reaper in the fields breaking into song to express the joys of life. Even warbling in the bathroom gives us a happy start to the day. Music has a very powerful therapeutic effect on the human psyche. It has always been part of our association with specific emotions, and those emotions themselves have given rise to great music. The origins of Indian music can be traced back to the chanting of the Sama Veda nearly 4,000 years ago. The primacy of the voice, and the association of musical sound with prayer, were thus established early in the history of Indian music. Today, music is available for us in different forms and the choice for music varies from person to person just as the reading choices vary from one another. There is folk music, classical music, devotional music, instrumental, jazz, rock music, pop music, hindi movie songs and many more. How to cite Television and Social Capital, Papers

Human Resource Management Safety Climate

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Managementfor Safety Climate. Answer: Define the Term Safety Climate The overarching term safety climate is the concept that implies company should maintain a health and safety issue while involving a large number of employees at the workplace (Bradley et al. 2012). The success of a business organization is highly dependent on the performance of employees. Therefore, the business experts should provide a safe and secured environment at the workplace based on which employees can provide effective service process towards the business organization. In this particular case study, it has been observed that Vincenzo Soprano being the CEO of Sopranos Small goods are very much concerned about the safety issue of the employees. This particular organization has expanded their widespread wings in the realm of Australian market by providing effective small goods to the customers of various geographical boundaries. After staring their journey in the year 1920, the CEO of Vincenzo Soprano had a dream due to enhance the business process in Australian market by provi ding quality food products to the customers such as meat, cured using traditional Italian recipes. In order to enhance the entire process of business in the Australian market, Vincenzo Soprano has evaluated that the organization should maintain some safety climate at the workplace based on which the employees tend to feel secured and safe at the workplace. As per the point of view of Dr. Philip Bigelow, Safety climate holds great potential in improving a companys health and safety performance and reducing workplace injury rates. The organization should maintain health and safety act at the workplace strictly, so that both the employees and the employers can take an immediate legal step due to the negligence of health and security issue at the workplace. The major ways in which a business organization can maintain safety climate at the workplace imply: Providing safety training to the employees Establishment of safety committee at the workplace Presence of safety officer Maintaining employee relation at the workplace Delivering effective management attitudes on behalf of the organizational managers The business organization like Sopranos would have to focus on those particular factors in order to maintain safety climate at the workplace. Providing an effective training to the employees is highly important for avoiding any kind of organizational issues. The business head like Vincenzo Soprano should invest a large amount of money in order to provide professional training to the employees. In addition, the organization should form a safety committee at the workplace who has to take the responsibility of handling any kind of safety related issues faced by the employees at the workplace. In addition, employees get the opportunity to share their problems regarding health issues at the workplace to the safety committee. The responsibility of that particular department is to look a special consideration about the health and safety issues of the employees. As a result, this particular committee intends to deal with the problems of every individual employee. Brondino, Silva and Pasini (2012) stated that maintaining employee relation at the workplace is highly important for keeping up safety climate at the workplace. Employee at every step should be highly motivated so that the customers can receive a good service from the organization. People from various cultures and backgrounds are strongly associated within the business organization. Therefore, the employers have to show their equal respect and dignity to the employees of different cultural backgrounds. Unity among the team members and unanimous decision at the workplace regarding the business goal is highly important for maintaining safety climate within the business organization. Therefore, Vincenzo Soprano intends to maintain an effective interpersonal communication with the employees in order to know their challenges at the workplace. Explain how a Safety Climate canImprove Safety Behaviours of Employees The success of a business organization is highly dependent on the performance of employees. The employees can provide effective services to the customers only when the employees would get complete co-operation from the business managers. Providing safety climate to the business organization is highly important for employee motivation. Employees tend to maintain organizational behavior and culture only when they receive co-operation from the organizational managers and employers. Professional training to the employees is highly important for maintaining organizational safety climate. By receiving an effective professional training from an efficient trainer, the employees learn on how to maintain organizational cultures and discipline at the workplace. The relation between employers and employees become more effective after receiving that particular training (Kapp, 2012). Therefore, professional training makes an employee more skillful and competent towards reaching the business goal. As a result, internal environment of the organization remains suitable for maintaining effective work culture at the workplace. In order to improve the organizational behavior the business organization has to maintain effective employee relation at the workplace. Participative leadership style can be implemented within the business organization with the help of which employees can share their opinion regarding the organizational goal. At the same time, business managers do not intend to impose their decision on the employees. Therefore, the employees tend to express their point of view with the managers. The business workers of Soprano has implemented democratic leadership style at the workplace with the help of which both the business managers and the employees can maintain an effective communication with the customers. The implementation of safety climate within the business organization is highly dependent on the attitudes of the business managers. As per the organizational ethics and culture, a particular workplace has to maintain some of the relevant plans and policies for running their business successfully. Maintaining a safety climate at the workplace has been considered as one of the most important ethical considerations. Soprano being a small good company has to recruit a large number of employees at the workplace for providing effective service process. Around 250 workers are strongly associated with the business process of Soprano. Therefore, the management has to show a polite approach and outlook towards the employees regarding the health issues at the workplace. As per the case study, it has been observed that Vincenzo Soprano looks into the matter of serious consideration when any individual employee has to face any kind of accidents and death issues at the factory. The business managers intend to show a serious consideration on the family members of that particular employee who has to face a disastrous consequence. However, the CEO has decided to take an effective initiative of implementing some of the relevant acts and regulations at the workplace for maintaining safety climate at the workplace. Health and safety act has been strictly followed at the workplace of Soprano. With the help of this particular regulation, employees can take any kind of legal initiative if they wish to lodge any complaint against the employers. The maintenance of safety climate at the workplace is highly important for any business organization for receiving effective behavior from the employees (Zohar Polachek, 2014). It helps to motivate the employees towards organizational goal as well. Without the flawless effort of organization employees, a business organization can never be run well. In this particular case study, it has been observed that the CEO of Soprano, Vincenzo is very much concerned on maintaining the safety climate at the workplace. Identify Five Recommendations that Sopranos should Implement toImprove the Safety Climate within the Organization As a business consultant, some of the major recommendation can be provided to the CEO of Sopranos in order to implement at the workplace. The recommendations are as follows: Maintaining Effective Employee Relation at the Workplace in Order to Provide Immense Co-operation on Behalf of the Organizational managers: Employees while working at the workplace have to face immense difficulties relating to their job. Therefore, the business managers have to maintain an effective employee relation at the workplace. If Vincenzo Soprano can maintain strong communication with the employees, the existing workers on the other hand, would like to share their problems to the CEO. As a result, the internal communication would be effective. Consequently, the employees would never feel de-motivated for reaching the organizational goal. However, this particular organization would successfully be able to flourish their wings in various geographical boundaries. Making an Effective Interpersonal Communication with the Employees at Every Week end for Knowing their Organizational Challenges Vincenzo Soprano can maintain an effective interpersonal communication with every individual employee for collecting necessary feedback. Vincenzo would get the opportunity to share own opinion as well. While maintaining a face-to-face communication the CEO would be able to evaluate the employees response, be it positive or negative. On one hand, employees would be able to provide an effective feedback directly to the CEO regarding organizational issues. On the other hand, the employers would be able to take collective decision regarding the organizational success. As a result, the internal relation among the employees and the employers become stronger due to this initiative. Reducing the Organizational Risk Factors from the Workplace While working within the organization the employees have to go through a large number of risk factors inside the factories. While manufacturing products, employees have to face unexpected accidents. However, in order to reduce these kinds of risk factors, the business organization can focus on modern equipments rather than depending on the workforce. In addition, Vincenzo should focus on increasing the revenue growth as well so that this particular individual can invest sufficient capital for implementing modern equipments at the workplace. At the same time, Soprano should provide necessary benefits and facilities to the employees if they have to face any kind of health issue at the workplace. Using Advanced Technology As a business consultant it can be suggested that Soprano should use the advanced technology at the time of manufacturing the products. As a result, the entire manufacturing process would be conducted systematically. The employees would not have to go through the several risk factors. At the same time, the managers would get available products in limited time. Therefore, advancement of technology is highly needed for expanding the entire process of business in multinational countries. In order to operate the advanced technology properly, the organization can provide an effective professional training to the employees so that Soprano can maintain the safety climate at the workplace. Collecting Effective Feedback from the Employees Continuously: Employee satisfaction is highly important for maintaining organizational image and reputation. Therefore, in order to satisfy the employees and maintain a safety climate within the organization Soprano should collect repeated feedback from the customers with the help of which the business managers would be able to reform business strategy and policy in order to reach the business goal. However, it can be recommended that Soprano should collect employee feedback in order to fulfill the needs and demands of the employees. Reference List: Bradley, B. H., Postlethwaite, B. E., Klotz, A. C., Hamdani, M. R., Brown, K. G. (2012). Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: the critical role of team psychological safety climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(1), 151. Brondino, M., Silva, S. A., Pasini, M. (2012). Multilevel approach to organizational and group safety climate and safety performance: Co-workers as the missing link.Safety science,50(9), 1847-1856. Kapp, E. A. (2012). The influence of supervisor leadership practices and perceived group safety climate on employee safety performance.Safety science,50(4), 1119-1124. Zohar, D., Polachek, T. (2014). Discourse-based intervention for modifying supervisory communication as leverage for safety climate and performance improvement: A randomized field study.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(1), 113.

Review on Katrina Srigleys book, Bread winning Daughters Young Working Women in a Depression

Introduction Katrina Srigley’s book, Bread winning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City, 1929-1939, elucidates the impact of the great depression to the Canadians living in Toronto. It comprises the findings from a research she carried out employing more than eighty interviews with women who not only lived but also worked in Toronto during the great depression era. Her book brings out the role that young women played during the 1930s in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Review on Katrina Srigley’s book, Bread winning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was one of the most difficult decades in the twentieth century and its impact was evident in Canada. The two most important factors that characterized this period in history were the economic crash of the stock exchange market as well as the onset of the Second World Wa r. The role of women as well as their lifestyle underwent a huge twist in their attempt to meet the demands of the society. The main issues addressed in the book Srigley argues that the great depression caused economic vulnerability to the populations in Toronto, which led to her desire to examine the plight of the young women during that era since most researchers were concerned about the men. She found out that women had to assist in meeting the basic needs in the family, a phenomenon that did not exist before 1930. She attributes the increase in urban population to the migration of people, mainly women, to the city in search for jobs. For those who got jobs, their primary concern was to support their families back in the rural areas giving the book the title ‘Breadwinning Daughters’. She further explains that in the job market, there were specific jobs for women such as nursing, teaching as well as clerical jobs. The limitations of these jobs were low wages and littl e or no access to power and privileges. The author points out that the young women had to sacrifice a lot to acquire their jobs as well as retain them. Most of the young employed women had to pay dearly to maintain their jobs. They had to quit their education to get a job to be able to support their families. The author explains that truncation of their education increased their vulnerability to jobs with low wages that had no privileges worsening their situations. In addition, employment delayed or even prevented young women from getting married at their desired age. In her research, Srigley found out that during the 1930s careers such as nursing, teaching and clerical works did not allow women to get married. As a result, most young women chose their career over family life although it was a major source of stress to them.Advertising Looking for article on canada? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author attributes the red uction of population in Canada during that time to the fact that fewer women chose to get married. For the women who chose other careers, they did not attract much attention if they did not present a significant threat to domesticity. Most of the women that Srigley interviewed admitted that truncation of their education as well as foregoing marriage were the most difficult choices they had ever made. Conclusion The book presents the major socioeconomic changes that occurred in Toronto during the Great Depression era-in the 1930s. The author’s findings explain the increase in the number of employed women in Toronto as well as the increase in urban population. She points out that though employment of women was important to the economy of the society, it deprived them some privileges such as pursuing their education for better careers as well as family life-marriage. This article on Review on Katrina Srigley’s book, Bread winning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City was written and submitted by user Dorothy R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Ugly American essays

The Ugly American essays The Ugly American explained in graphic detail the reasons why American diplomacy was failing in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and the reasons why communism was succeeding. As a list of events for the struggle for influence in Asia, it caused quite a diplomatic rage. Its lessons seem urgent today because of what is going on in Central America and in the Middle East. Whether the foreign policy mistakes this book overstated have been corrected is an important question. The novel begins with the Honorable Louis Sears, ambassador to the country of Sarkhan, a small underdeveloped country in which communist and American interests are competing for control. Sears has assumed his post as a political substitute is over. Between three terms in the Senate and a predicted federal judgeship with a long tenure, hes simply filling time in a cushy job with a large entertainment funds and providing living conditions, in a country he had never heard of, serving people he thinks of as little monkeys. A cartoon drawn of Sears as a crying mule was published in a local Sarkhanese newspaper, making it obvious just how the American ambassador seemed to be. Sears is the example of the ugly American. In the following chapter the novel presents the Russian ambassador to Sarkhan, Louis Krupitzyn, a professional whose two-year training period has included instruction in the language and the traditions of the country he has been sent to work in. His entire staff is fluent in Sarkhanese and the culture is somewhat different, which make the Sarkhanese people unique. The Soviet ambassador makes himself into the ideal Sarkhan. He diets, losing forty pounds; he studies ballet, reads Sarkhanese literature and drama, and becomes a skillful nose flute player in which all as an introduction to an actual diplomacy. With his countrys big political goals for Sarkhan and a clear plan, the ambassa...

Business overview of Southwest Airlines Company

Business overview of Southwest Airlines Company Southwest Airlines Company is an American low cost airline. Although the airline industry is no longer experiencing the rapid growth it exhibited during the 1990’s; commercial air travel in the U.S. remains the preferred method of transportation for a majority of Americans due to cost-effectiveness and timesaving characteristics. Southwest is the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried per year (as of 2009). Southwest maintains the third largest passenger fleet among all of the world’s commercial airlines. As of May 3, 2009, Southwest operates approximately 3,510 flights daily. Southwest has its headquarters on the grounds of Love Field in Dallas, Texas. Southwest Airlines has carried more customers than any other U.S. airline since August 2006 for combined domestic and international passengers according to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Southwest Airlines is one of the world’s most profit able airlines, posting a profit for the 37th consecutive year in January 2010. Southwest’s successful business model involves flying multiple short, quick trips into the secondary (more efficient and less costly) airports of major markets, and using only one aircraft type, the Boeing 737. Key Issues Southwest’s most visible problem, as with all airlines, is the drop in demand for air travel the past 18 months. While fallout from the terror attacks gets part of the blame, Kelly (Southwest CEO) says more of it goes to general economic weakness and specifically the collapse of the late ’90s technology and telecom bubble. Environmental changes are also having effects on the Industry. Budget conscious business travelers used to love Southwest, not only for its prices, but because it was so easy to buy a ticket at the last moment, move from curb to gate in minutes and be on their way. New security procedures have taken away this added convenience and have even lengthe ned the lines. Southwest operates on a first come, first serve basis and the random gate screenings, which tends to target last-minute, one-way flight passengers (a description of most of Southwest’s passengers) places fliers in the position to have to fly in the much dreaded middle seat. Analysis Models The analysis of Southwest will cover an external analysis, an internal analysis, and a SWOT analysis. External models utilized will be The Five Forces Model of Competition, Driving Forces, and Industry Key Success Factors. Internal models utilized will be a Financial Analysis, and a Competitive Strength Assessment or SWOT Analysis. The Five-Forces Model of Competition Rivalry among firms (High) The extent to which rivalry exists will influence the overall profitability of the industry. Market concentration remains a significant factor affecting rivalry. In 1989, no single airline solely dominated the industry, but the eight largest carriers retained a total market share of 92 high traffic cities with high demand. In order to gain profits, airlines must beat out the competition by offering as much or more flights with time flexibility to a variety of destinations. Other factors contributing to rivalry include high fixed costs, excess capacity, low differentiation, price wars, and readily available prices via the Internet. Due to the nature of the industry, high fixed costs are expected. Contributions to fixed costs in the airline industry include the costs of planes, fuel, pilots, flight attendants, and additional staff for baggage and customer service. The need to meet government regulations and hire experienced employees can cost an airline company millions of dollars. Currently there has been excess capacity on many routes; as a result, airlines have been participating in price wars in order to attract customers at all costs. Minimal differentiation among airlines and switching costs for passengers also magnifies rivalry.